We study a version of the Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology redefined in a phenotype space where mutants have properties correlated to their parents. The model has individual-based dynamics whilst incorporating species scale competitive constraints and a system scale resource constraint. Multiple species arise that coexist in a species interaction network with evolving global properties. Both the mean interaction strength and the network connectance increase relative to the null system as mutualism becomes more extensive. From a study of the dependence of average degree on the resource level we extract the diversityconnectance relationship which conforms to the hyperbolic form seen in field data. This is adjudged to arise as a consequence of the evolutionary pressure to achieve positive interactions. The network degree distributions conform more strongly to exponential than to the null binomial distributions in all cases. This effect is believed to be caused by correlations in the reproductive process. We also study how resource availability influences the phenotypical lifetime distribution which is approximately of power law form. We observe that the mean lifetime is inversely related to the resource level.
We use a generalised version of the individual-based Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology to study the relationship between ecosystem structure and evolutionary history. Our evolved model ecosystems typically exhibit interaction networks with exponential degree distributions and an inverse dependence between connectance and species richness. We use a simplified network evolution model to demonstrate that the observed degree distributions can occur as a consequence of partial correlations in the inheritance process. Futher to this, in the limit of low connectance and maximal correlation, distributions of power law form, P (k)∝1/k, can be achieved. We also show that a hyperbolic relationship between connectance and species richness, C∼1/D can arise as a consequence of probabilistic constraints on the evolutionary search process.
Using a steady-state process of node duplication and deletion, relevant to biological and ecological systems, we produce networks with 1/k scale-free degree distributions in the limit of vanishing connectance. The process involves no growth in nodes and inherent preferential attachment is counterbalanced by preferential detachment. The mean-field evolution is considered and the 1/k law is verified under certain approximations. An ansatz for the degree distribution is proposed on the basis of symmetry considerations and is shown to coincide well with the simulation data. Distributional forms other than power law also arise when the duplication fidelity is relaxed.
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