Abstract. In many countries, urban flooding due to local,
intense rainfall is expected to become more frequent because of climate
change and urbanization. Cities trying to adapt to this growing risk are
challenged by a chronic lack of surface flooding data that are needed for
flood risk assessment and planning. In this work, we propose a new approach
that exploits existing surveillance camera systems to provide qualitative
flood level trend information at scale. The approach uses a deep
convolutional neural network (DCNN) to detect floodwater in surveillance
footage and a novel qualitative flood index (namely, the static observer flooding index – SOFI) as a proxy for water
level fluctuations visible from a surveillance camera's viewpoint. To
demonstrate the approach, we trained the DCNN on 1218 flooding images
collected from the Internet and applied it to six surveillance videos
representing different flooding and lighting conditions. The SOFI signal
obtained from the videos had a 75 % correlation to the actual
water level fluctuation on average. By retraining the DCNN with a few frames from a
given video, the correlation is increased to 85 % on average. The results
confirm that the approach is versatile, with the potential to be applied to
a variety of surveillance camera models and flooding situations without the
need for on-site camera calibration. Thanks to this flexibility, this
approach could be a cheap and highly scalable alternative to conventional
sensing methods.
We produce a decidable super-intuitionistic normal modal logic of internalised intuitionistic (and thus disjunctive and monotonic) interactive proofs (LIiP) from an existing classical counterpart of classical monotonic non-disjunctive interactive proofs (LiP). Intuitionistic interactive proofs effect a durable epistemic impact in the possibly adversarial communication medium CM (which is imagined as a distinguished agent) and only in that, that consists in the permanent induction of the perfect and thus disjunctive knowledge of their proof goal by means of CM's knowledge of the proof: If CM knew my proof then CM would persistently and also disjunctively know that my proof goal is true. So intuitionistic interactive proofs effect a lasting transfer of disjunctive propositional knowledge (disjunctively knowable facts) in the communication medium of multi-agent distributed systems via the transmission of certain individual knowledge (knowable intuitionistic proofs). Our (necessarily) CM-centred notion of proof is also a disjunctive explicit refinement of KD45-belief, and yields also such a refinement of standard S5-knowledge. Monotonicity but not communality is a commonality of LiP, LIiP, and their internalised notions of proof. As a side-effect, we offer a short internalised proof of the Disjunction Property of Intuitionistic Logic (originally proved by Gödel).
We propose a general, formal definition of the concept of malware (malicious software) as a single sentence in the language of a certain modal logic. Our definition is general thanks to its abstract formulation, which, being abstract, is independent of-but nonetheless generally applicable to-the manifold concrete manifestations of malware. From our formulation of malware, we derive equally general and formal definitions of benware (benign software), anti-malware ("antibodies" against malware), and medware (medical software or "medicine" for affected software). We provide theoretical tools and practical techniques for the detection, comparison, and classification of malware and its derivatives. Our general defining principle is causation of (in)correctness.
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