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An investigation of the “additional” total pressure losses occurring in combining flow through several sharp-edged three-leg junctions has been made. Experimental results covering a wide speed range up to choking are presented for three flow geometries of a lateral branch off a straight duct using dry air as the working fluid. A new theoretical flow model provided results in fairly good agreement with the experimental data obtained. Flow visualization of the high-speed flow using the Schlieren method revealed the presence of normal shock waves in the combined flow about one duct diameter downstream of the junction. The highest attainable Mach number (M3) of the averaged downstream (combined) flow was 0.66 for several of the flow geometries. This value of M3 appears to be the maximum possible and is the result of a combination of flow separation and local flow choking.
The pace of change in higher education is increasing rapidly, creating both opportunities and challenges for developing the role of academic libraries. Taking the University of Leicester in the UK as a case study, this article illustrates how libraries are adapting to this environment by changing the library 'brand' and considers how customers are responding to this re-positioning. A changing environmentIn a report on the future of research libraries, the United States based Council on Library and Information Resources (2008) outlined major, on-going change in how research is conducted and research findings communicated. Interdisciplinary and collaborative research is long established in the sciences but also increasingly commonplace in the humanities and social sciences. Digital technologies are enabling researchers to pose new research questions and to develop new research methodologies -a process often referred to as 'Digital Scholarship'. There has been a vast increase in the volume and diversity of research outputs being created, analysed and shared amongst researchers. A recent NMC Horizon report (2015) highlights the growing diversity and complexity of the scholarly record being created. Lavoie and Malpas of OCLC (2015) have proposed a framework to further understanding of the nature of this dispersed, complex, digital scholarly record and the challenges it poses for libraries -individually and collectively -if they are to have a role in providing access to and preserving scholarly information resources for the long term.A combination of technology and growing expectations from research funders to maximise access to published research findings, is also leading to major change in how formal publishing is paid for and the library's role in relation to publishing. Major shifts are taking place in many subject areas from a 'reader pays for access' to an 'author's institution or research funder pays for publication' model -thereby providing 'Open Access' (i.e. free to the end user) to research outputs. This has been accompanied by moves to make research publications as freely re-usable by others as possible. Archambault et al (2014), in a report for the European Commission, estimate that more than 50% of scientific papers published 2 of 16 between 2007 and 2012 are freely available to anyone with access to the Internet. This shift is changing, in turn, where libraries sit within the formal publication chain -maintaining a traditional position at the end of the chain by providing post-publication access, whilst also developing a position at the start of the chain by providing services to help authors navigate the Open Access options available to them at the point their manuscript is submitted to the publisher.The increasingly competitive nature of higher education research internationally, illustrated by the growing importance of 'league tables' such as the QS World University Rankings, is also leading universities to plan and manage their collective research effort much more actively in order to maximise p...
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