Is it feasible for Toronto to produce and market 10% of its fresh vegetable requirements from within its own boundary, without competing with existing Ontario vegetable producers? We used zoning maps, aerial photography, and numerous exclusionary and inclusionary criteria to identify potential food production sites across the city and, after identifying organic vegetable production yields, to calibrate supply potentials against current vegetable consumption estimates for the Toronto population. It was determined that Toronto required 2,317 hectares (5,725 acres) of food production area to meet current demand, if all production were organic to fulfill other municipal environmental objectives. Of this, 1073.5 ha (2,653 acres) of land could be available from existing Census farms producing vegetables, lands currently zoned for food production, certain areas zoned for industrial uses, and over 200 small plots (0.4-2 ha or 1-4.9 acres) dotted throughout the northeast and northwest of the city. In addition, 1243.5 ha (3,072.8 acres) of rooftop space would also be required. The land and rooftop space available suggests, however, that there would be difficulties meeting requirements for land-extensive crops such as sweet corn, squash, potatoes, cabbage, carrots, and asparagus.
The potential of antigen-directed cancer immunotherapy has not been fully realized, perhaps because many commonly targeted tumor associated proteins are not essential to maintaining the malignant cell phenotype. A constitutively activating mutation in the signaling molecule BRAF is expressed frequently in melanomas and may play an important role in the biology of this disease. A 29-mer B-Raf peptide incorporating the V599E mutation was used for in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes derived from melanoma patients, generating MHC class II-restricted CD4 ؉ T cells specific for this peptide as well as for melanoma cells expressing B-Raf V599E. Mutated B-Raf exemplifies targets that may be ideal for immunotherapy.
An experiment is reported that explored whether training in mental imagery would improve text comprehension in 9-year-old children. Two groups of children were compared: good and poor comprehenders. The groups were matched on a test of vocabulary and decoding, but differed on a comprehension test. The results showed that a three-session programme of training in imagery benefited the poor, but not the good, comprehenders, by comparison with a control group who merely answered questions about the same passages. The results are discussed in relation to possible causes of children's comprehension difficulties. RESUME L'entrainement h I'imagerie peut-elle aider les enfants qui ont des problemes de comprkhension ?Cette experience examine si I'entrainement a l'imagerie mentale ameliore la comprkhension de textes d'enfants de 9 ans ayant des difficultks de comprehension. Ce qui frappe chez ces enfants qui comprennent ma1 est qu'ils ne font pas d'infkrences a partir du texte, et n'integrent pas les idtes venant de differentes parties du texte pour construire une representation coherente dans la mCme mesure que les enfants qui comprennent bien. I1 est important de trouver des procedures efficaces d'amklioration, etant donne l'importance d'une bonne comprehension pour de nombreux aspects de l'apprentissage scolaire. Nous examinons dans cette experience s'il est possible d'ameliorer la comprehension des enfants en les entrainant A des strattgies d'imagerie.Deux groupes d'enfants ont pris part a l'experience: 22 enfants ayant une bonne comprehension et 22 enfants n'ayant pas une bonne comprehension. Les groupes ont kte apparits par un test de vocabulaire et de decodage de mots. Le test de Neale a ete adapte en tant que test de comprkhension orale de groupe de faqon A disposer d'une evaluation rapide de la comprkhension des enfants. La moitit des enfants de chaque groupe a requ un entrainement en imagerie mentale, et l'autre moitik a servi de groupe tkmoin. L'entrainement A l'imagerie a eu lieu en petits groupes de 4 a 5 enfants, et comportait une seance de 30 minutes environ et deux seances de 20 minutes. Au cours de la premiere et de la seconde seance, on a montre aux enfants des illustrations allant avec un rkcit, et on les a progressivement encourages a imaginer les images "dans la tCte", puis a produire des images a leur convenance. Les enfants n'ayant pas requ d'entrainement ont lu les m&mes histoires et ont rtpondu a des questions s'y rapportant, pendant trois seances egalement. Aprts l'entrainement, tous les enfants ont ete testes avec de nouvelles histoires. La question de savoir si l'imagerie convient mieux pour aider a memoriser certains types d'information a ete examinee en posant aux enfants trois types de questions differentes: des questions "de fait" se rapportant au souvenir d'une information explicite dans le texte, des questions "infkrentielles" ayant trait a une information qui ne peut qu'Ctre inferree de l'histoire, et des questions "descriptives" qui concernent des details susceptibles de frapper l'attenti...
Background To describe patients with inherited and acquired complement deficiency who developed invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in England over the last decade. Methods Public Health England conducts enhanced surveillance of IMD in England. We retrospectively identified patients with complement deficiency who developed IMD in England during 2008–2017 and retrieved information on their clinical presentation, vaccination status, medication history, recurrence of infection and outcomes, as well as characteristics of the infecting meningococcal strain. Results A total of 16 patients with 20 IMD episodes were identified, including four with two episodes. Six patients had inherited complement deficiencies, two had immune-mediated conditions associated with complement deficiency (glomerulonephritis and vasculitis), and eight others were on Eculizumab therapy, five for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and three for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Cultures were available for 7 of 11 episodes among those with inherited complement deficiencies/immune-mediated conditions and the predominant capsular group was Y (7/11), followed by B (3/11) and non-groupable (1/11) strains. Among patients receiving Eculizumab therapy, 3 of the 9 episodes were due to group B (3/9), three others were NG but genotypically group B, and one case each of groups E, W and Y. Conclusions In England, complement deficiency is rare among IMD cases and includes inherited disorders of the late complement pathway, immune-mediated disorders associated with low complement levels and patients on Eculizumab therapy. IMD due to capsular group Y predominates in patient with inherited complement deficiency, whilst those on Eculizumab therapy develop IMD due to more diverse capsular groups including non-encapsulated strains.
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