Onchocerciasis is endemic on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, where it is transmitted by the 'Bioko form' of the Simulium damnosum complex, a cytospecies unique to the island. To determine the distribution of vector breeding, three dry season and two wet season expeditions were made in 1989, 1996 and 1997, and 226 of the island's 247 rivers (91.5%) were visited. Of these 226 rivers, 130 (58%) were flowing during the dry season, forty-five (20%) supported aquatic stages of Simuliidae of any species and twenty-five (11%) contained larvae or pupae of the S. damnosum complex. The twenty-one rivers not prospected were in the mountainous south of the island, where an additional seventeen rivers were reached but not satisfactorily prospected. Of these thirty-eight rivers, twenty-nine were considered highly likely to support vector breeding, bringing the total number of rivers which could harbour the vector during the dry season to fifty-four (21.9% of the island's total). Breeding was believed to be limited to river stretches below 1000 m altitude, and during the dry season the total length of those stretches which could support breeding on Bioko was estimated to be 1020 km. A combination of factors, including low river discharges during the dry season, the relatively low water temperature on Bioko, the suitability of limited stretches of most rivers as vector breeding sites and the close proximity of many rivers within a small geographical area, render the vector vulnerable to eradication by aerial treatment of rivers with insecticide. The isolation of the Bioko form of the S. damnosum complex suggests that reinvasion following treatment would be unlikely, and eradication of the vector might be achieved by a dry season larviciding programme in one or two years.
Theoretical-Versatile specially appointed systems have diverse properties as contrast with customary systems. These cause additional difficulties and troubles on security for specially appointed systems. In this paper, another plan to handle security worries in MANET has been recommended and it has been assessed utilizing measurements. In view of the execution assessment, proposals have been made about the importance of the convention under different conditions .The plan has been contrasted and other existing plans. The proposed plan has been joined on ADOV as a contextual investigation.
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes. Each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These cause extra challenges on security. In this paper, evaluation of prominent on-demand routing protocol i.e. AODV,MAODV,RAODV has been done by varying the network size. An effort has been carried out to do the performance evaluation of these protocols using random way point model. The simulator used is NS 2.34. The performance of either protocol has been studied by using a self created network scenario with respect to pause time.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.