The problem of energy shortage is still a global problem which is especially felt in developing countries whose residents live in villages, which still require the development of more efficient energy sources. Limited fossil fuels make water energy the best energy option. The problem of meeting the availability of electricity in rural areas by utilizing water energy as new and renewable energy is a long-term goal in this research. The current research on kinetic turbines is a combination of two types of waterwheels, which have a vertical axis (overshot and swell turbines). The vertical shaft is made so that the generator is easier to install and all the blades get a boost in the flow of water. Most water turbines have fixed blades. In this research, the target of the novelty is a kinetic turbine with a vertical shaft which has a hinged blade. Hinged blades are blades that can move when the flow of water hits the blades, so that on one side of the turbine it will reduce the negative torque and on the other hand it will increase the rotation of the turbine. The results of the research that became the target, namely, obtained a turbine design that has more optimal turbine power and efficiency, compared to a turbine that has a fixed blade, so that this externally hinged blade kinetic turbine can contribute to the provision of rural electrical energy. This research method is an experiment by doing independent variations on the number of blades, and blade 10 has an optimum power value of 59.01 Watt.
The problem of energy shortages is still a global problem which is especially felt in developing countries whose residents live in villages, which still require the development of more efficient energy sources. The problem of meeting the availability of electricity in rural areas by utilizing water energy as new and renewable energy is a long-term goal in this research. The goal is to obtain the value of the turbine power from the turbine design which is designed to later be able to fulfill a picohydro scale power plant. The current research on kinetic turbines is a combination of two types of waterwheels, which have a vertical axis (overshot turbine and pusher turbine). Most water turbines have fixed blades. In this research, the target of the novelty is a kinetic turbine with a vertical shaft which has a hinged blade. Hinged blades are blades that can move when the flow of water hits the blades, so that on one side of the turbine it will reduce negative torque and on the other hand it will increase turbine rotation. The results of the research that became the target were to obtain a turbine design that has more optimal turbine power and efficiency, compared to a turbine that has a fixed blade, so that this externally hinged blade kinetic turbine can contribute to the provision of rural electrical energy. The optimum value in this study is the number of blades 10 and turbine power 59.01 Watt.
In Indonesia, in general, it has a very abundant natural resource potential, one of which is lemongrass. Lemongrass is still not widely cultivated in Indonesia, this plant is processed and processed into essential oils, it will get a high selling value. Currently, the development of essential oils is a considerable concern of the Indonesian government. Of the various raw materials for making essential oils, one of the raw material plants for essential oils in Indonesia that is good to be developed is citronella. The purpose of this study was to examine experimentally the manufacture of citronella oil (Citronella oil) from the leaves and stems of citronella. Citronella oil is generally used for health, ranging from bacteria and fungi, headaches, to hypertension and is also used as aromatherapy. The advantage of the fractionation column method is the process of separating the components from the Constituent substances of a mixture of solution compounds based on the difference in boiling points by using multilevel distillation, so as to produce good quality essential oils with low water content. From three Tests of essential oil distillation apparatus with fractionation column of citronella, the results of the first test is as much as 940 ml with a mass of 920 gr and a density of 978.2 kg/m3, the second test results obtained as much as 80 ml with a mass of 70 gr and a density of 875 kg/m3, the third test results obtained as much as 70 ml with a mass of 50 gr and a density of 714.2 kg/m3. The average density from the first to the third Test was 855.8 kg / m3. The combustion temperature in the reactor tank is very influential on the duration of combustion and the number of results that come out and the quality of the results obtained.
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