Isolated diaphragm releases low levels of superoxide (O2*-) at rest and much higher levels during heat stress. The molecular source is unknown. The hypothesis was tested that heat stress stimulates mitochondrial complex activity or NADPH oxidases, resulting in increased O2*- release. The mitochondria within intact rat diaphragm were inhibited at complex I (amobarbital or rotenone) or complex I and II (rotenone plus thenoyltrifluoroacetone). NADPH oxidases were blocked by diphenyliodonium. None of these treatments inhibited O2*- release. Conversely, most blockers stimulated O2*- release. As intracellular O2*- generators require a mechanism for O2*- transport across the membrane, anion channel blockers, probenecid and 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, were also tested. Neither blocker had any inhibitory effect on O2*- release. These results suggest that O2*- released from diaphragm is not directly dependent on mitochondrial complex activity and that it is not a reflection of passive diffusion of O2*- through anion channels. Although the molecular source for extracellular O2*- remains elusive, it is clearly sensitive to temperature and conditions of "chemical hypoxia" induced by partial or complete mitochondrial inhibition.

Background: Most people in the United States and other countries cite their preferred location of death as their homes. However, intractable symptoms sometimes require hospitalization, especially if significant sedation becomes necessary. For over a decade, Hospice of Central New York has been using compounded phenobarbital suppositories with individuals in whom adequate sedation has not been achieved using sufficient doses of antipsychotics or benzodiazepines but prefer to remain in their homes. Objectives: (1) Describe the use of phenobarbital suppositories in homes for the purpose of sedation. (2) Understand patient characteristics of potential users and those in whom suppositories were actually used. (3) Measure time to death after initiating the phenobarbital suppositories. Setting: Medicare-certified not-for-profit hospice organization in New York State. Method: Retrospective case series. Results: Of 1675 patients enrolled in hospice over an 18-month period, phenobarbital suppositories were placed in the homes of 90 patients for potential use. Suppositories were initiated in 31 of the 90 patients. Agitated delirium was the major symptom for which suppositories were placed and initiated. Both groups had a greater prevalence of cancer diagnoses than the target population. The mean time to death after initiation of phenobarbital suppositories was 38.8 hours. None of the users were hospitalized. Conclusion: The use of compounded phenobarbital suppositories for the purpose of palliative sedation is an alternative for patients and families who desire to remain home despite refractory symptoms.

Objectives: Medical marijuana is a symptom treatment option for palliative cancer patients; however, its useful applications remain limited. The goals of this study were to review the characteristics of patients who received medical marijuana under our ambulatory palliative care program and to determine barriers to access and use of medical marijuana in this population.Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of patients who were enrolled in the medical marijuana registry through the ambulatory palliative care department at Upstate Cancer Center. Data from June 2017 to June 2020 were analyzed. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of cancer, were certified by a qualified practitioner in the New York Medical Marijuana Program, and received care at Upstate Medical University. Patients were excluded if no marijuana certificate was found or if they transferred care.Results: The study population was 184 patients. Ninety-three patients (51.5%) received at least one prescription from a New York licensed marijuana dispensary while 72 (39.13%) were certified but never obtained any medical marijuana. For patients who took at least one dose of medical marijuana, 48.14% experienced an improvement in pain, 44.95% used fewer opioids, and 85.11% had an improvement in at least one symptom. Adverse effects were low at 3.72%. Conclusion: Medical marijuana has an important role in the palliation of symptoms in advanced cancers with few adverse effects. There are still many barriers to effective use. More prospective research is needed to optimize delivery and dosing.

Conclusion: Combination therapy with standard dose of methylphenidate and American ginseng were a safe and effective way of treatment for cancer related fatigue. Further studies to confirm its safety and efficacy are justified.