Screening for and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria are common in KTRs despite uncertainties around the benefits and harms. In an era of antimicrobial resistance, further studies are needed to address the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic bacteriuria in these patients.
These two large independent case-control studies in the general population found robust associations between the FTO rs17817449 polymorphism and the ESRD. The results suggest that the morbidities associated with the FTO gene include CKD.
The possible association between the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism was found in some, but not all studies. We have analysed the APOE genotypes in 995 haemodialysed patients (cases) and a sample of 6242 healthy individuals (controls) in the Czech Republic. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequencies of APOE alleles between the cases and controls, with more carriers of the APOE2 allele in ESRD patients (15.9%) than in controls (12.2%) (p=0.005). The odds ratio of ESRD for the APOE2 allele, compared with APOE3E3 homozygotes, was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.13-1.67). The strength of the association increased with the time spent on haemodialysis: the odds ratios of all-cause ESRD in patients dialysed for 8 or more years, 1-8 years and less than one year (non-survivors) were 1.27 (0.94-1.71), 1.41 (1.09-1.81) and 1.94 (0.88-4.18), respectively. This study suggests that the APOE2 allele is a possible genetic risk factor for all-cause ESRD in Caucasians.
The role of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and the nitric oxide (NO) substrate l-arginine in renal ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) has been studied extensively. However, the results reported are often controversial. In the present study, we examined the effects of the neuronal (n) NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and L-arginine administration on renal I/R injury and the renal NO system in rats. Following 7 days pretreatment with 7-NI (50 mg/kg per day), L-arginine (2 g/kg per day) or vehicle (dimethylsulphoxide : sesame oil, 1 : 9), the left renal vascular pedicles were clamped for 50 min in male Sprague-Dawley rats and kidneys were removed 24 h after reperfusion (n = 7/group). Neither 7-NI nor L-arginine had any effect on parameters of renal function, the grade of tissue injury or the number of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL)-positive tubular cells compared with vehicle-treated rats. 7-Nitroindazole decreased nNOS mRNA expression and inducible (i) NOS protein levels, but had no effect on endothelial NOS expression. L-arginine supplementation increased mRNA expression of all NOS isoforms, but only increased protein expression of iNOS. The results of the present study demonstrate that selective inhibition of nNOS has no effect on renal injury, indicating that nNOS does not play a central role in the pathophysiology of renal I/R. In addition, although L-arginine has no effect on renal I/R injury in the model used in the present study, its administration increases the mRNA expression of NOS isoforms.
Common ghrelin variants may have an effect on changes in biochemical and anthropometric parameters in hemodialyzed patients over time and could be used in the future to plan individualized therapy.
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