In Romania, major focus and interest are currently expressed for the energy strategies domain. The increase of the energetic efficiency is therefore a main concern for the authorities. In the current paper the main factors which are leading to the increase of this energetic efficiency are highlighted. These are: CHP (Combined Heat Power), combined cycles, the use of RER (reusable energy resources). The article also contains a classification of the RES (secondary energy resources) as function of the thermodynamic agent nature and/or its thermodynamic state. The theory and concepts are strengthened with relevant examples which have direct applicability in the oil and gas industry.
This paper presents the application of the hydraulic fracturing method in Romania, exemplified by three case studies. In the current conditions in which the oil and gas prices have risen above the limit of affordability, Romania, one of the few producers in Europe, is trying to solve the problems that have arisen through various methods, which are as follows: offshore drilling, gas underground storage, field rehabilitation and increasing the efficiency of applied technologies. The application of hydraulic fracturing is a safe process, with minimal environmental implications and certain economic benefits. The important thing is to have the necessary energy now, in the desired quantities and with minimal expenses. The authors sought to include key issues in the application of this technology in Romania. The scientific literature on this topic has helped us to interpret the data from the field in difficult situations and were a real support in our activity. We need to provide energy support and energy security and we do not have a lot of resources. Under these conditions, the reactivation of existing deposits and the extension of the production period are essential elements. The authors designed the fracturing technologies. The data corresponding to the geological structure obtained through geological investigations, and the database corresponding to the analyzed wells from the company’s data archive were the elements used in the simulation programs. Thus, the values in the fracturing area about pore fluid permeability, layers stress, Young’s modulus of the structure and fracture toughness were established. The fluids for the fracturing operation and the proppant were chosen for each case, in accordance with the geological recommendations, by our team. Testing of the fracturing technologies for different variants of the pumping program was carried out using the Fracpro program. The variants presented in this article are some of the best solutions found. We used the step-by-step flow test to find the fracture expansion pressure and closing pressure for each case. The mini-frac program established corrections to the designed technologies during the operation quickly and with reduced costs. The designed technologies allowed us to anticipate the necessary flows and pressure, leading to the choice of equipment. The fracture operations were performed only after the projected technologies anticipated the economic benefits covering the investments for the use of the equipment and the operation itself. Knowing the measured pressure of the well and the conditions of communication with the gas/oil reservoir, a simulation of the gas/oil production that could be obtained was made with the simulator. Two situations were exemplified for a gas well and an oil well. The field production results for a two-year interval are also indicated for these wells and a comparison was made with the estimated production.
The present paper first discusses a calculation model for the complete combustion of fuels � with the minimum amount of air needed � whose volumetric and mass composition is known. It then describes evaluation models for the heat resulting from fuel combustion, i.e., superior and inferior caloric power value. In this context, the carbon dioxide emission factors for fuel and biofuel combustion, respectively, are evaluated. The results obtained have allowed a comparative analysis regarding carbon dioxide emission.
The security of the functioning systems represents, through the four specific components (security, availability, reliability and maintenance), a basic component of the processing requirement. Monitoring of all specific intrinsic and operating parameters of oil and gas pipelines can be technically detected and diagnosed by: –existing defects; –rapid and effective intervention to eliminate the damage, if they occurred. To establish the maintenance programs that can ensure the proper functioning of the gas pipelines, it is necessary to establish their technical status. The research done helps reduce the risk of gas pipeline damage.
For optimum performance of screw compressors, reduce wear and improve leakage, oil injection needs to be applied. The injected oil runs through the compressor together with the gas, taking a part of the heat of the gas resulting from compression during the process. The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the compression process affected by the cooling of the oil injection. The oil injection screw compressor is ideal for this process because the oil injected into the compressor along with the lubrication and sealing technology cools the compressed gas, which makes the compression process to be much closer to an isothermal process (minimum compression required). In order to calculate the thermodynamic of the gas lift process, the hydraulic calculation of the process, in which the extracted production, the amount of gas required, the injection pressures and the location of the valves, should be performed. These parameters were determined to correspond to the oil injection screw compressors manufactured in Romania by INCDT-COMOTI. The essential characteristics of those screw compressors that could be used considering the specificity of the location where the compressor will be mounted will be highlighted also.
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