To determine whether gait and balance dysfunction are present in young urbanites exposed to fine particular matter PM 2.5 ≥ annual USEPA standard, we tested gait and balance with Tinetti and Berg tests in 575 clinically healthy subjects, age 21.0±5.7y who were residents in Metropolitan Mexico City, Villahermosa and Reynosa. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was also applied to an independent cohort n:76, age 23.3± 9.1y. In the 575 cohort, 75.4% and 34.4% had abnormal total Tinetti and Berg scores and high risk of falls in 17.2% and 5.7% respectively. BMI impacted negatively Tinetti and Berg performance. Gait dysfunction worsen with age and males performed worse than females. Gait and balance dysfunction were associated with mild cognitive impairment MCI (19.73%) and dementia (55.26%) in 57/76 and 19 cognitively intact subjects had gait and balance dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of urbanites exposed to PM 2.5 had gait and balance dysfunction. For MMC residents-with historical documented Alzheimer disease (AD) and CSF abnormalities, these findings suggest Alzheimer Continuum is in progress. Early development of a Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome ought to be considered in city dwellers with normal cognition and gait dysfunction. The AD research frame in PM 2.5 exposed young urbanites should include gait and balance measurements. Multicity teens and young adult cohorts are warranted for quantitative gait and balance measurements and neuropsychological and brain imaging studies in high vs low PM 2.5 exposures. Early identification of gait and balance impairment in young air pollution-exposed urbanites would facilitate multidisciplinary prevention efforts for modifying the course of AD.
Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-τ), amyloid-β peptide, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 brainstem and supratentorial pathology are documented in forensic ≤40y autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC), and p-τ is the major aberrant protein. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent dementia, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is documented in PD, AD, Lewy body dementia and ALS. This study aimed to identify an association between PTSD and potential pRBD in Mexico. An anonymous online survey of 4502 urban college-educated adults, 29.3 ± 10.3 years; MMC, n = 1865; non-MMC, n = 2637, measured PTSD symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and pRBD symptoms using the RBD Single-Question. Over 50% of the participants had IES-R scores ≥33 indicating probable PTSD. pRBD was identified in 22.6% of the participants across Mexico and 32.7% in MMC residents with PTSD. MMC subjects with PTSD had an OR 2.6218 [2.5348, 2.7117] of answering yes to the pRBD. PTSD and pRBD were more common in women. This study showed an association between PTSD and pRBD, strengthening the possibility of a connection with misfolded proteinopathies in young urbanites. We need to confirm the RBD diagnosis using an overnight polysomnogram. Mexican women are at high risk for stress and sleep disorders.
Background: Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein, and TDP-43 pathology had been documented in 202/203 forensic autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City ≤40-year-olds with high exposures to ultrafine particulate matter and engineered nanoparticles. Cognition deficits, gait, equilibrium abnormalities, and MRI frontal, temporal, caudate, and cerebellar atrophy are documented in young adults. Objective: This study aimed to identify an association between falls, probable Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (pRBD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and insomnia in 2,466 Mexican, college-educated volunteers (32.5±12.4 years). Methods: The anonymous, online study applied the pRBD and RLS Single-Questions and self-reported night-time sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and falls. Results: Fall risk was strongly associated with pRBD and RLS. Subjects who fell at least once in the last year have an OR = 1.8137 [1.5352, 2.1426] of answering yes to pRBD and/or RLS questions, documented in 29% and 24% of volunteers, respectively. Subjects fell mostly outdoors (12:01 pm to 6:00 pm), 43% complained of early wake up hours, and 35% complained of sleep onset insomnia (EOI). EOI individuals have an OR of 2.5971 [2.1408, 3.1506] of answering yes to the RLS question. Conclusion: There is a robust association between falls, pRBD, and RLS, strongly suggesting misfolded proteinopathies involving critical brainstem arousal and motor hubs might play a crucial role. Nanoparticles are likely a significant risk for falls, sleep disorders, insomnia, and preventable neurodegenerative lethal diseases, thus characterizing air particulate pollutants’ chemical composition, emission sources, and cumulative exposure concentrations are strongly recommended.
RESUMENLa biología celular y molecular es un área de investigación de gran impacto y rápido crecimiento, la cual se ha convertido en un punto esencial para el desarrollo de nuevos agentes quimioterapéuticos con niveles bajos de toxicidad, particularmente para el cáncer. Aunque la era de la quimioterapia comenzó en los años 40, actualmente es necesario desarrollar nuevas terapias antitumorales que permitan tener un tratamiento apropiado para cada paciente y tipo de tumor, siendo necesaria la identificación de componentes celulares y moleculares involucrados en los procesos de carcinogénesis, para el desarrollo de agentes quimioterapéu-ticos que intervengan en la restauración o destrucción selectiva de las células cancerígenas. Actualmente, se ha demostrado que ciertos medicamentos, como los antibióticos (tetraciclinas, sulfonamidas y b-lactamas) y otros compuestos químicos (quinoxalinas) que son utilizados con otro fin terapéutico, han presentado efectos anticancerígenos, con una actividad antiproliferativa e inhibitoria, por lo cual pueden ser una nueva opción para el tratamiento farmacológico del cáncer. ABSTRACTCellular and molecular biology is a research field with high impact and fast growth; it becomes essential for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents with low toxicity, particularly against cancer. Although chemotherapy era began in the 40's, it has been necessary to development new antitumoral therapies that produce appropriate treatment for each patient and kind of tumor. Therefore, identifying cellular and molecular components involved in the process of carcinogenesis for development of chemotherapeutic agents involved in restoration or selective destruction of cancer cells is necessary. Currently, it has been shown that certain drugs such as antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamide and b-lactams) and others chemicals compounds (quinoxalines) that are used for another purpose showed anticancer effects with antiproliferative and inhibitory activity. Therefore these could be a new option for pharmacological treatment of cancer. INTRODUCCIÓNLa célula es la unidad estructural y funcional de todo ser vivo, de la cual existen diferentes tipos; el cuerpo humano, por ejemplo, está compuesto por más de 200 tipos de células incomparables, cada una especializada para desarrollar funciones específicas. Las similitudes fundamentales de los diferentes tipos celulares proporcionan un marco común para estudiar los disímiles aspectos de la biología celular y molecular con distintas aplicaciones. El proceso más importante dentro de las células es su metabolismo, el cual se define como el conjunto de reacciones bioquímicas y procesos físico-químicos que ocurren dentro de ésta; estos procesos complejos están interrelacionados con la base de la vida a escala molecular, y permiten las diversas actividades celulares. El metabolismo se divide en dos procesos: catabolismo y anabolismo. Las reacciones catabólicas liberan energía, mientras que las anabólicas utilizan esta energía, por lo tanto, el catabolismo y el anabol...
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