Although ETDRS guidelines for laser treatment of DME still remain the only proven therapy for this condition, many other strategies are now on trial, and the vast majority of authors use OCT as the best indicator of therapeutic benefit. The amount of information given by OCT demonstrates that macular edema is a complex clinical entity with various morphology and gravity, and disclaimed the limitations of a simple "clinical" definition. As in many other examples such as macular holes and choroidal neovascularization, a uniform and precise definition of macular edema would increase the possibility to compare and judge the result of different therapeutic strategies. Aim of this classification is to implement the ETDRS clinical definition of DME with the precise and useful data given by OCT to better diagnose, catalogue and follow macular edema.

ROPScore and CHOP ROP showed 100% sensitivity to identify sight-threatening ROP. Predictive algorithms are a reliable tool for early identification of infants requiring referral to an ophthalmologist, for reorganizing resources and reducing stressful procedures to preterm babies.

Clear lens extraction by phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in a series of highly myopic eyes was effective and had an acceptable predictability and a low rate of complications. Careful evaluation of the retinal periphery by indirect ophthalmoscopy is recommended to avoid postoperative RD.

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Diode laser, PPV with gas tamponade and IVT are effective alternative treatments to decrease foveal thickness and improve visual acuity in eyes with DME. However while the results of PPV are stable in the long term follow-up, diode laser and IVT do not offer stable results. Complications may be severe with PPV and IVT. It is necessary to carefully select cases which would benefit from these types of treatments. The authors think that the OCT Classification may serve as a guide for the choice of treatment.

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Purpose To evaluate the effect of neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic injury on the retina and the optic nerve and to correlate ocular damage with systemic parameters, laboratory tests, neurological imaging and therapeutic hypothermia at birth. Methods Forty-one children with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) at birth (9.09 ± 3.78 years) and a control group of 38 healthy subjects (9.57 ± 3.47 years) were enrolled in a cohort study. The HIE population was divided into three subgroups, based on the degree of encephalopathy according to Sarnat score and the treatment with therapeutic hypothermia (TH): Sarnat score I not treated with hypothermia, Sarnat score II-III treated with TH and Sarnat score II-III not subjected to TH. Total macular thickness, individual retinal layers and peripapillary nerve fibre layer thickness were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Clinical data of perinatal period of HIE children were collected: APGAR score, pH and base excess of funiculus blood at birth, apnoea duration, brain ultrasound, cerebral MRI ischaemic lesions and blood chemistry tests. Results Children with Sarnat score I did not show a reduction of peripapillary nerve fibres and ganglion cell layer compared to the control group (p = 0.387, p = 0.316). Peripapillary nerve fibre layer was 109.06 ± 7.79 μm in children with Sarnat score II-III treated with TH, 108.31 ± 7.83 μm in subjects with Sarnat score II-III not subjected to TH and 114.27 ± 6.81 μm in the control group (p = 0.028, p = 0.007). Ganglion cell layer was thinner in children with Sarnat score II-III treated with TH (50.31 ± 5.13 μm) compared to the control group (54.04 ± 2.81 μm) (p = 0.01). Inner retinal layers damage correlated with C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase increase, while higher levels of total bilirubin were protective against retinal impairment (p < 0.05). Cerebral oedema was related to peripapillary nerve fibre layer damage (p = 0.046). Conclusions Thickness reduction of inner retinal layer and peripapillary nerve fibre impairment was related to encephalopathy severity. Ocular damage was associated with inflammation and cerebral oedema following hypoxic–ischaemic damage.

Introduction: We describe the youngest case of enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) associated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) successfully treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. Case Report: A 5-year-old boy presented with round-shaped fibrotic subretinal lesions in both eyes with surrounding subretinal fluid and progressive visual deterioration in the right eye. Fine foci of increased autofluorescence were observed along the arcades in both eyes. Fluorescein angiography revealed the presence of CNV in his right eye, and treatment with ranibizumab was initiated, with significant improvement in vision. Subsequent electroretinogram examination and genetic studies of the patient and his two younger siblings confirmed the diagnosis of ESCS. Conclusion: CNV has been reported to occur in different inherited retinal degenerations, including ESCS. Our experience confirms that treatment with ranibizumab in patients with CNV-complicated ESCS can be potentially vision-saving.