In this work, we apply for the first time ambient pressure operando soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to investigate the location, structural properties and reactivity of the defective sites present in the prototypical metal organic framework HKUST-1. We obtain direct evidence that Cu + defective sites form upon temperature treatment of the powdered form of HKUST-1 at 160 °C and that they are largely distributed on the material surface. Further a thorough structural characterization of the Cu + /Cu 2+ dimeric complexes arising from the temperature induced dehydration/decarboxylation of the pristine Cu 2+ /Cu 2+ paddlewheel units is reported. In addition to characterization of the surface defects, we demonstrate that CO2 may be reversibly adsorbed and desorbed from the surface defective Cu + /Cu 2+ sites. These findings show that ambient pressure soft-XAS, combined with state-of-the-art theoretical calculations, allowed us to shed light into the mechanism involving the decarboxylation of the paddlewheel units at the surface to yield Cu + /Cu 2+ complexes and their reversible restoration upon exposure to gaseous CO2.

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Lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are opening unexplored frontiers for high-capacity/high-voltage positive electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the challenges of green and safe transportation as well as cheap and sustainable stationary energy storage from renewable sources. LRLOs exploit the extra lithiation provided by the Li 1.2 TM 0.8 O 2 stoichiometries (TM = a blend of transition metals with a moderate cobalt content) achievable by a layered structure to disclose specific capacities beyond 200–250 mA h g –1 and working potentials in the 3.4–3.8 V range versus Li. Here, we demonstrate an innovative paradigm to extend the LRLO concept. We have balanced the substitution of cobalt in the transition-metal layer of the lattice with aluminum and lithium, pushing the composition of LRLO to unexplored stoichiometries, that is, Li 1.2+ x (Mn,Ni,Co,Al) 0.8– x O 2−δ . The fine tuning of the composition of the metal blend results in an optimized layered material, that is, Li 1.28 Mn 0.54 Ni 0.13 Co 0.02 Al 0.03 O 2−δ , with outstanding electrochemical performance in full LIBs, improved environmental benignity, and reduced manufacturing costs compared to the state-of-the-art.

Interfaces between water and materials are ubiquitous and are crucial in materials sciences and in biology, where investigating the interaction of water with the surface under ambient conditions is key to shedding light on the main processes occurring at the interface. Magnesium oxide is a popular model system to study the metal oxide–water interface, where, for sufficient water loadings, theoretical models have suggested that reconstructed surfaces involving hydrated Mg2+ metal ions may be energetically favored. In this work, by combining experimental and theoretical surface-selective ambient pressure X-ray absorption spectroscopy with multivariate curve resolution and molecular dynamics, we evidence in real time the occurrence of Mg2+ solvation at the interphase between MgO and solvating media such as water and methanol (MeOH). Further, we show that the Mg2+ surface ions undergo a reversible solvation process, we prove the dissolution/redeposition of the Mg2+ ions belonging to the MgO surface, and we demonstrate the formation of octahedral [Mg­(H2O)6]2+ and [Mg­(MeOH)6]2+ intermediate solvated species. The unique surface, electronic, and structural sensitivity of the developed technique may be beneficial to access often elusive properties of low-Z metal ion intermediates involved in interfacial processes of chemical and biological interest.

Recently, several researchers have claimed the existence of superior catalytic activity associated with topological materials belonging to the class of Dirac/Weyl semimetals, owing to the high electron conductivity and charge carrier mobility in these topological materials. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrocatalytic tests, and density functional theory, we have investigated the chemical reactivity (chemisorption of ambient gases), ambient stability, and catalytic properties of PdSn4, a topological semimetal showing Dirac node arcs. We find a Tafel slope of 83 mV in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) dec–1 with an overpotential of 50 mV, with performances resembling those of pure Pd, regardless of its limited amount in the alloy, with a subsequent reduction in the cost of raw materials by ∼80%. Remarkably, the PdSn4-based electrode shows superior robustness to CO compared to pure Pd and Pt and high stability in water media, although the PdSn4 surface is prone to oxidation with the formation of a sub-nanometric SnO2 skin. Moreover, we also assessed the significance of the role of topological electronic states in the observed catalytic properties. Actually, the peculiar atomic structure of oxidized PdSn4 enables the migration of hydrogen atoms through the Sn–O layer with a barrier comparable with the energy cost of the Heyrovsky step of HER over Pt(111) in acidic media (0.1 eV). On the other hand, the topological properties play a minor role, if existing, contrarily to the recent reports overestimating their contribution in catalytic properties.

The development of Ce-based materials is directly dependent on the catalyst surface defects, which is caused by the calcination steps required to increase structural stability. At the same time, the evaluation of cerium’s redox properties under reaction conditions is of increasing relevant importance. The synthesis of Ce-UiO-66 and CeZr-UiO-66 and their subsequent calcination are presented here as a simple and inexpensive approach for achieving homogeneous and stable CeO2 and CeZrOx nanocrystals. The resulting materials constitute an ideal case study to thoroughly understand cerium redox properties. The Ce3+/Ce4+ redox properties are investigated by H2-TPR experiments exploited by in situ FT-IR and Ce M5-edge AP-NEXAFS spectroscopy. In the latter case, Ce3+ formation is quantified using the MCR-ALS protocol. FT-IR is then presented as a high potential/easily accessible technique for extracting valuable information about the cerium oxidation state under operating conditions. The dependence of the OH stretching vibration frequency on temperature and Ce reduction is described, providing a novel tool for qualitative monitoring of surface oxygen vacancy formation. Based on the reported results, the molecular absorption coefficient of the Ce3+ characteristic IR transition is tentatively evaluated, thus providing a basis for future Ce3+ quantification through FT-IR spectroscopy. Finally, the FT-IR limitations for Ce3+ quantification are discussed.

Hydrogen production from methanol decomposition to syngas (H2 + CO) is a promising alternative route for clean energy transition. One major challenge is related to the quest for stable, cost-effective, and selective catalysts operating below 400 °C. We illustrate an investigation of the surface reactivity of a Ni3Sn4 catalyst working at 250 °C, by combining density functional theory, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We discovered that the catalytic reaction is driven by surface tin-oxide phases, which protects the underlying Ni atoms from irreversible chemical modifications, increasing the catalyst durability. Moreover, we found that Sn content plays a key role in enhancing the H2 selectivity, with respect to secondary products such as CO2. These findings open new perspectives for the engineering of scalable and low-cost catalysts for hydrogen production.

In situ temperature-programmed (TP) analyses in a multianalytical approach including X-ray diffractometry (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), thermogravimetry (TGA), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) are used to study the relationship between redox properties and structural changes in Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3−δ (m-PBM), PrBaMn2O5+δ (r-PBM), and PrBaMn2O6−δ (o-PBM) when exposed to reduction/oxidation cycles. TP-XRD analysis shows that under reducing conditions, between 300 and 850 °C, the biphase perovskite m-PBM turns into the monolayered perovskite r-PBM. Stabilization of the latter phase at room temperature requires early oxidation in air at a high temperature (850 °C) to avoid segregation, resulting in the formation of the oxidized layered phase (o-PBM). The o-PBM layered perovskite is characterized by the H2-TPR profile, showing two reduction peaks at temperatures below 500 °C. TP-NEXAFS characterization reveals the copresence of Mn­(IV) (60%), Mn­(III) (30%), and Mn­(II) (10%) and helps to interpret the reduction profile: Mn­(IV) converts to Mn­(III) at ∼300 °C (I pk), Mn­(III) to Mn­(II) at ∼450 °C (II pk). The TGA characterization confirms the reversibility of the o-PBM ↔ r-PBM process at 800 °C; in addition, it shows that the r-PBM can be oxidized almost completely (∼99%) also by CO2 without accumulation of carbonates. This study sheds light on the peculiar redox behavior of PBM-based materials and paves the way for their application as oxygen carriers and catalytic promoters in different CO2 enhancement technologies. Here, we discuss the results obtained to develop versatile and redox-resistant electrodes for solid oxide electrochemical cell/solid oxide fuel cell applications.