The purpose of the present study was to compare motor abilities in young male and female Bulgarian taekwondo athletes. Knowing sensible periods and age and gender characteristics could be used as best predictor to determine the athletic ability.
Taekwon-do requires explosive strength, flexibility, and balance. The problem of defining factor structures and identifying the major factors for physical development and motor ability is of particular importance for the training process. The aim of the present study was to optimize the major factors of physical development and motor ability of 9–12-year-old males Taekwon-Do ITF athletes. Methodology: The study was carried out in March – May 2019. The research was aimed at studying the major indicators of physical development and motor ability of 9–12-year-old males. It was done among 99 Taekwon-Do athletes (n=99, 10.58 ± 1.13 years, 148.06 ± 11.06 cm, 42.77 ± 11.61 kg) from 9 local Taekwon-do clubs in Bulgaria. Athletes were tested along 16 indicators of physical development and 12 indicators of motor ability. Results: There were 3 factors that explained a total of 89.48% of the initial variance in physical development in males of this age. The test battery contained 16 indicators for testing physical development and after performing the factor analysis, the number was optimized to 3. There were 4 factors that explained a total of 69.15 % of the initial variance in motor ability in males of this age. The test battery contained 12 indicators for testing motor ability and after performing the factor analysis, the number was optimized to 4. Conclusion: Optimizing and reducing the number of factors for physical development and motor ability at the age of 9-12 years would improve the training process in taekwondo sports. In this way, coaches’ efforts would be able to target the highest factor weight indicators that would be most affected by the training load applied. Optimizing factors to control athletic achievement would improve athletic performance.
Successful performance and high sports achievements in martial arts depend on the various aspects of sports training - physical, technical, tactical, and psychological training. On the other hand, the increase in technical degree is related to a physical and theoretical exam. The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge of athletes related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. Methodology: The study was carried out in April – May 2020. The research was aimed to explores the knowledge of the athletes, related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. The study involved 232 taekwon-do athletes (15.53 ± 4.30 years) with different sports experience and degree from 15 local taekwon-do clubs in Bulgaria. The online form test contains a total of 17 questions (4 personal and 13 specialized questions). Results: The largest accumulation of values (most athletes) received a result in the range of 11-16 points (68.53% of all tested). Most tasks have very good discrimination (0.40 ≤ DP ≤ 0.70). The calculated difficulty P of the questions used is in the range of 63-97%. Conclusion: Empirical data show that the test has good statistical characteristics and can be used to assess the theoretical knowledge of athletes during a promotion exam. The data obtained from the pedagogical experiment give grounds to claim that the level of knowledge and skills of taekwon-do athletes are at different levels.
The last year of the global COVID-19 pandemic has provoked unprecedented countermeasures in all sectors of the economy, including individual, group, institutional and industrial. The sports industry suddenly stopped all events. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the introduced emergency measures in Bulgaria on the training process and the performance of taekwondo ITF athletes in the discipline “pattern” of the state online championship in 2020. The study was conducted in the period 27/04-10/05/2020 and involved 79 athletes, profiled as representatives of large cities (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna) – 27.8% and 72.2% – of small cities. The division was provoked by the various measures that were imposed during the state of emergency. The survey was conducted through an Internet-based questionnaire, which contains 23 items related to the training process during the state of emergency, as well as the ranking of the competitors in the online championship. The analysis made were the following: alternative analysis (to establish the relative shares of different responses in the questionnaires), comparative analysis (U – criteria of Mann Whitney), Varimax factor analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method). Statistically significant differences was found in the conducted training for equipment, in which in the big cities 4 – 5 times a week the athletes did not train, while in the small ones – 3.5%. The largest number of trainees conducted 1 – 2 training sessions a week. In the big cities it ranked second 3 times a week, while in the small cities – I have not trained. It was noteworthy that the representatives of the big cities evaluate the sharing of video trainings positively, while in the small cities they were hesitant in their opinion and the competitors indicate different evaluations. The key individual work of the coach with the medalists in both types of settlements stood out. There was a small number of trainings for medalists, which were systematized and focused. In 5th-8th place, a larger number of trainings was established, but the assistance from the coach was missing. There was a lack of motivation in not medalist athletes.
The aim of this case study was to develop and verify a math model of running index (RI) for evaluation and control of specific efficiency and tracing the fatigue level in long-distance running. The suggested RI was modeled on the basis of polynomial function between the running velocity and the change in heart rate frequency (V=f(HR)). The method was designed in such a way that the influence of denivelation of the terrain was removed when calculating RI. The research was done among 19 highly qualified athletes competing in long-distance running events (16 men and 3 women), with a mean age of 28 years (SD±8), BMI 20 (SD±2), maximum oxygen consumption 67 ml/min/kg (SD ±5). The participants in the research were subjected to two lab and two terrain surveys. In a period of one week after the testing, RI was traced and calculated on the basis of the data taken from the major training loads. The model was verified only for the studied subjects - highly qualified competitors in long-distance running. RI was tested for validity through comparing the values obtained from the lab and terrain tests. The obtained results showed there was no significant difference between the values of RI measured during the lab testing and the terrain testing compared to the values of the velocity of ventilatory and lactate anaerobic threshold (VAnT). The results from this research revealed that the suggested method for calculation of the running index is more accurate than the previous ones. This manuscript discusses the possible implications of this new method for measurement of RI. Future scientific research is needed to prove its efficiency and applicability in sports.
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