The purpose of this article is to analyze, in a three-stage research project and from an economic an operational perspective, the relationships between environmental expenses, the improvements achieved in five environmental variables analyzed and efficiency. To achieve these objectives, we analyze sustainability reports and economic data from 24 Spanish ports. The three aforementioned stages of this research are the following: first, the analysis of the sustainability reports to determine the level of information; second, the analysis of the economic and operational efficiency; and, third, the analysis of the alignment with the environmental priorities of the Eco Ports-ESPO (European Sea Ports Organization). The results reveal that (1) the type of traffic does not affect environmental actions; (2) environmental performance (improvements) depends on environmental expenditures; (3) environmental spending and efficiency in port operations are correlated; and (4) environmental spending and port economic efficiency are correlated. The research can contribute to the decision-making process of port managers by revealing that the alignment with the EcoPorts priorities can be important to direct the environmental performance of the ports towards the global interests revealed in this indicator. It also reveals that environmental expenditures and investments may be related to environmental performance and economic and operational efficiency. However, it also reveals that it is important to improve the extent of environmental disclosure to better explain the qualitative and monetary characteristics of each piece of information provided about environmental performance.
The growing global concern for sustainable and alternative tourism development has strengthened the scientific research and management of tourist destinations. In this context, the objective of this study is to characterize the tourism system of the city of San Juan de Los Remedios in order to understand the current problems and design sustainable solutions. It corresponds to a quali-quantitative, applied, deductive and multidisciplinary propositional research, in which the basic principles of strategic tourism planning were implemented. It presents, in a sequential and integrated way, an inventory of the local tourism system, a diagnostic study based on SWOT analysis, and a projective study for the consolidation of sustainable tourism. It concludes that there is favorable potential for urban tourism use, though this is not currently being pursued in a sustainable way; further, there is a lack of regional-territorial cohesion. This situation demands higher levels of strategic planning, as well as the creation of a destination management organization and a tourism observatory at a local-regional level. These approaches would strengthen the holistic management of the territory and lead to the creation of a competitive, multi-purpose, multi-product destination.
En este artículo, se analiza la eficiencia económica y operativa de las Autoridades Portuarias españolas (AAPP) en el periodo 2005-2015, utilizando el Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA, Data Envelopment Analysis). En primer lugar, se calculan las medidas de eficiencia de cada AAPP desde un punto de vista operativo y económico; en segundo lugar, se clasifican las AAPP según los niveles de eficiencia alcanzados a lo largo del período de estudio, utilizando el análisis de conglomerados; en tercer lugar, se estudia la interdependencia existente entre los resultados de eficiencia operativa y económica encontrados en las distintas agrupaciones de las AAPP. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la eficiencia operativa es condición necesaria para ser económicamente eficiente, pero no es condición suficiente, analizando las posibles causas que ocasionan que una eficiencia operativa no siempre se traduce en una eficiencia económica.
The professionalization of tourism education through experiential learning by fieldwork should be a key aspect of sustainable tourism development strategies. Based on the previous statement, the aim of this research is to develop a tourism learning experience through an academic field trip in Copper Canyon, with the purpose of generating a practical learning situation that serves as a strategy and practice of sustainability in the syllabus of Tourism Planning at the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez. An experimental methodology was implemented with students (n=26) from the advanced level of the tourism program that participated in the field trip, and mixed methods of empirical and theoretical types were applied. During the practical activity, the geospatial approach was applied to the study of the destination by interpreting the production process of the tourism space, as well as, the recognition of the tourism model, the inventory and assessment of tourist resources, and the analysis of impacts. The results allowed for comprehension and justification of the contribution of the practical learning process to the formation of tourism knowledge, by incorporating field trips to develop experiences through practical learning.
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