The traditional ageing of wine spirits is done in wooden barrels, however, high costs have led to the search for alternative technologies, such as the use of stainless steel tanks with wooden staves and the application of micro-oxygenation. This work evaluates the changes in the major volatile compounds of wine spirits aged for 6, 12 and 18 months in wooden barrels and stainless steel tanks with micro-oxygenation. For both ageing technologies, two types of wood (Limousin oak and Portuguese chestnut wood) were used. The samples were analysed concerning their alcohol strength (electronic densimetry) and volatile composition, namely of methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and other major volatile compounds ((GC-FID) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)). The results show that the ageing technology was more influential than the wood species for the volatile composition of wine spirits, namely acetaldedehyde, methanol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol and 2+3-methylbutan-1-ol. However, the opposite behaviour was found for the spectral data. The ageing process was accelerated by using the alternative ageing technology, especially with chestnut wood staves. The most informative spectral regions to discriminate samples were around 6859 cm−1 and from 5200 cm−1 to 4200 cm−1. NIR is a promising technique to identify different technologies and different wood species used in the ageing process of wine spirits.

Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) of citrus is caused by the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes. The disease is important when frequent rainfall occurs during the flowering period of citrus trees. In Brazil, until 2012, PFD was mainly controlled by preventive applications of the methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) carbendazim and demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides such as difenoconazole. Since then, mixtures containing the DMI tebuconazole and the quinone-outside inhibitor (QoI) trifloxystrobin have been commonly used. Fungicides are often applied preventively, sometimes even when conditions are not conducive for PFD development. Excessive fungicide applications may favor the selection of resistant populations of Colletotrichum spp. In this study, we assessed the fungicide sensitivity of C. acutatum isolates collected during the two distinct periods of PFD management in Brazil: before and after the trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole mixture became widely employed. The sensitivity of 254 C. acutatum isolates to carbendazim and difenoconazole and of 164 isolates to tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin was assessed. Mycelial growth inhibition of these isolates was evaluated for all the fungicides using either serial dilution of fungicide rates or the spiral gradient dilution method. In addition, inhibition of conidial germination was also assessed for trifloxystrobin. Analysis of partial β-tub, cytb, and cyp51b gene sequences did not reveal any mutations related to resistance to MBCs, QoIs, and DMIs, respectively. In mycelial growth assays, mean EC50 values were 0.14, 0.11, and 0.21 μg/ml for difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin, respectively. The conidial germination inhibition by trifloxystrobin was similar among the tested isolates, and the mean EC50 value was 0.002 μg/ml. All isolates had similar mean mycelial growth inhibition for carbendazim, regardless of the fungicide concentrations. Therefore, based on similar EC50 values and molecular analyses, no shift in the sensitivity of isolates has been observed to the fungicides commonly used in different citrus-producing areas in Brazil.

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The white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a very important disease in tomato crops. The objective of this work was to study the effect of plant extracts, animal residues and industrial byproducts extracts on the fungus in vitro growth. Treatments consisted of different concentrations of pyrolignous oil, neem oil, monosodium glutamate, sewage sludge and organic compost [coffee residue (50%) coal residue (10%), maize residue (25%), poultry waste (12.5%), poultry meal (2.5%)]. Positive control consisted of Petri dishes with PDA medium and negative control treatment consisted of PDA medium with procymidone. Fungus colonies were incubated at 22ºC and light intensity of 260 lux. Variables such as mycelium growth rate, sclerotia production, and viability 7 and 17 days after the transfer of mycelium disc to neon media were assessed. The extract of organic compost at 30% was effective in controlling mycelial growth and sclerotia production. This treatment, as well as neem oil at 0.5% increased soil respiration. Key words: Azadirachta indica, sclerotinia white rot, alternative control, sewage sludge, soil respiration PRODUTOS ALTERNATIVOS NA INIBIÇÃO DESclerotinia sclerotiorum "IN VITRO"RESUMO: O mofo-branco, causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, é uma doença importante na cultura do tomateiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos de plantas, resíduos animais e subprodutos industriais no desenvolvimento micelial e na produção de escleródios do fungo "in vitro". Os tratamentos testados foram diferentes concentrações de licor pirolenhoso, óleo de nim, glutamato monossódico, biossólido e composto orgânico [(borra de café (50%) cinza de carvão (10%), resíduo de milho (25%), esterco de aves (12,5%) e farinha de aves (2,5%)], além de duas testemunhas, sem adição de produtos ao meio e com adição do fungicida procimidone. O fungo submetido aos diferentes tratamentos foi incubado à temperatura de 22ºC e luminosidade constante de 260 lux. Foram avaliadas o crescimento micelial, a produção de escleródios e a viabilidade dos mesmos aos 7 e 17 dias após a repicagem do fungo para meio de neon. O composto orgânico a 30 % mostrou-se eficiente na inibição do crescimento micelial e na produção de escleródios. Este tratamento, assim como o óleo de nim a 0,5%, foi analisado com relação à sua influência na microbiota no solo por meio de uma análise de respirometria, que indicou que ambos os tratamentos foram degradados rapidamente, não causando assim malefícios à mesma. Palavras-chave: Azadirachta indica, podridão de sclerotinia, controle alternativo, lodo de esgoto, respirometria

307The guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) is an excellent source of vitamins A, B and C, as well as of calcium, zinc, phosphorus and iron. Red guava can be used for fresh consumption and by the agricultural industry, and 'Pedro Sato' is one of the most important cultivars in Brazil (16,28). White guava is used for fresh consumption, and 'Kumagai' is the main cultivar exported from Brazil (15). RESUMOPalavras-chave adicionais: Psidium guajava, incidência, severidade, período de incubação, período de latência, 'Kumagai', 'Pedro Sato'.O desenvolvimento de muitas doenças pós-colheita está intimamente associado ao amadurecimento dos frutos. As condições ambientais podem afetar tanto o desenvolvimento do patógeno quanto a taxa de amadurecimento dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as condições de temperatura e duração do período de molhamento mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da antracnose em frutos de goiaba. Frutos de goiaba das cultivares Kumagai (polpa branca) e Pedro Sato (polpa vermelha) destacadas foram inoculadas com suspensão de conídios de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e C. acutatum e incubados sob temperaturas constantes variando entre 10 e 35ºC e molhamento contínuo de 6 e 24 horas. A severidade e incidência da doença foram avaliadas a cada dois dias durante 12 dias. Não houve infecção nas temperaturas de 10 e 35ºC, independentemente do período de molhamento. As condições ótimas Soares-Colletti, A.R.; Lourenço, S.A. Efeito da temperatura, duração do molhamento e cultivares na anctrose em fruto da goiaba. Summa Phytopathologica, v.40, n.4, p.307-312, 2014. para a infecção do fruto foram sob temperatura de 26 e 27ºC, para 'Kumagai' e de 25 e 26ºC, para 'Pedro Sato', com 24 horas de molhamento. De um modo geral, o desenvolvimento da doença na cultivar Kumagai foi mais afetado pela duração do período de molhamento, comparada com a 'Pedro Sato'. A severidade máxima da doença em frutos ocorreu entre 25 e 30ºC, dependendo da espécie de Colletotrichum, para 'Kumagai'. Para 'Pedro Sato' o diâmetro médio das lesões foi maior em frutos armazenados a 20, 25 e 30ºC do que na cultivar Kumagai, dependendo do período de molhamento e espécie. O período de incubação (6 e 7 dias) e o período de latência (8 e 10 dias) foram mínimos à 30ºC. Estas informações geradas nesse trabalho serão úteis tanto para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de aviso fitossanitário quanto para aumentar o tempo de vida de goiabas após a colheita. Effect of temperature, wetness duration and cultivar on the development of anthracnose in guava fruitsAna Raquel Soares-Colletti 1 , Silvia Brazil is the world's largest producer of red guavas and the second producer of white guava. Despite its great production, Brazil is an insignificant exporter of guava in natura due mainly to the high perishability of the fruit in the postharvest (23,14). Guava has a shelf life that can reach 3 to 5 days at room temperature. Postharvest damages, including postharvest diseases, are estimated at 20 to 40% (24, 8).The development of a large number of postha...

or 48 h after transferring to Petri dishes. After hexanal application, the Petri dishes were kept inside the containers that were closed for 24 h at 20 ºC. Mycelial growth was measured seven days after hexanal removal. For in vivo assays, inoculated fruits were kept in closed plastic containers, and hexanal was applied at the moment of fruit inoculation or 24 hours thereafter.The monocyclic components infection frequency, expressed as brown rot incidence, lesion diameter and lesion sporulation, were assessed daily for seven days. Overall, hexanal was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth when applied at the moment of pathogen transfer. Hexanal did not prevent pathogen infection, but reduced lesion diameter and completely inhibited spore production on the fruit for both treatments. Hexanal provides a promising alternative for chemical control and can be used in postharvest handling systems.

The time after harvest is characterized by physiological changes in the fruit that favor the occurrence of postharvest diseases, which are often observed only after sale. As a result, the damage resulting from the action of quiescent pathogens can be underestimated. From November to April of the years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, a survey was conducted to quantify the postharvest diseases in 'Kumagai' and 'Pedro Sato' guavas at two large wholesale markets in Brazil. The incidence of postharvest diseases differed significantly between the two cultivars evaluated. The most frequent postharvest diseases for 'Kumagai' guavas were anthracnose, black spot and fusicoccum rot, ranging in incidence from 23.6 and 31.6%. For 'Pedro Sato' guavas, the most frequent postharvest disease was anthracnose, with an incidence of approximately 72.3%.

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