Background Leishmaniases are vector borne diseases caused by Leishmania spp. parasites transmitted by female sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) whose geographic distribution is influenced by environmental factors. Among the main tools for studying the distribution of vector species, modeling techniques are used to analyze the influence of climatic and environmental factors on the distribution of these insects and their association with human cases of the disease. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we used a multiscale ecological niche modeling approach to assess the environmental suitability of sandfly vectors of the etiological agents of Visceral (VL) and American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, and then evaluated their relationship with human disease incidence. For this, we obtained the geographic coordinates of the vector species Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani through literature review, online databases and unpublished records. These data were used for the development of predictive models of the distribution of both sandflies species based on climatic and environmental variables. Finally, the environmental suitability for the presence of these vectors was compared with the incidence of both the diseases at the municipality level. The final models for each sandfly species showed good predictive powers with performance metric values of 0.889 for Lu. longipalpis and 0.776 for Ny. whitmani. The areas with greater environmental suitability for the presence of these species were concentrated in the central-north region of Piauí and coincide with the location of those municipalities presenting higher incidences of VL and ACL, situated in the central-north and extreme north of the state, respectively. The south and southeast regions of Piauí state have low incidence of these diseases and presented low environmental suitability for the presence of both vectors. Conclusions/Significance We discuss how predictive modeling can guide entomological and epidemiological surveillances and recommend an increased supervision and control activities in Teresina (capital of the state of Piaui), Altos and Pedro II, in addition to other municipalities with similar social and environmental characteristics.
Objetivo: Realizar levantamento da literatura de artigos sobre hábito e comportamento alimentar de flebotomíneos no Brasil. Métodos: Foram escolhidos nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine (NIH-Pub Med) e a biblioteca Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), por meio das palavras chave “feeding preference”; “sandflies”, “blood food sources” e “feeding behavior”. Das quais, dos 290 trabalhos pesquisados, 20 foram escolhidos após análise dos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: O maior número de artigos publicados foi o ano 2005, onde foi possível observar diversos tipos de testes, tanto genéticos quanto imunoenzimáticos. as fontes de alimentação mais encontradas foram: aves, gambás, roedores, humanos, cavalos, cães, bovinos e gatos Considerações Finais: Foi possível observar que existem vários métodos de avaliação para identificar a fonte alimentar de flebotomíneos. Além disso, a análise dos artigos demonstrou que existe uma propensão dos insetos em se alimentar em animais próximos ao homem. Assim, espera-se que políticas sejam desenvolvidas para realizar um controle das formas aladas mais rigoroso. Este trabalho também ajudará pesquisadores a delimitar uma dinâmica de coleta mais especializada. Resolvendo todas as limitações que vierem a se manifestar neste tipo de pesquisa.
Introduction: The Visceral and American Cutaneous Leishmaniases are a public health problem in the Americas, in the municipality of Altos, state of Piauí, are considered endemic. Aim: To carry out a faunal survey of the phlebotomine species in the areas of transmission of visceral and cutaneous, both human and canine, leishmaniases, in the municipality of Altos, Piauí. Outlining: It was carried out through entomological survey, it encompassed capture, separation, identification, and analysis of phlebotomine species in determined regions in the municipality of Altos, Piauí, between August 2017 and July 2019. Results: The most found species was Lutzomyia longipalpis, with 1,399 sandflies captured, 1,299 males and 140 females. Some other species were also found, such as Nyssomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia dispar, Evandromyia evandroi. Implications: The research helps to provide data that can contribute to the formulation of surveillance and control actions for these vectors, enabling responsible entities to develop public policies to control leishmaniasis.
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