ABSTRACT. Despite renewed efforts to better understand glacier change and recognize glacier change trends in the Andes, relatively large areas in the Andes of Argentina and Chile are still not investigated. In this study, we report on glacier elevation and mass changes in the outer region of the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields in the Southern Patagonian Andes. A newly-compiled Landsat ETM+ derived glacier inventory (consisting of 2253 glaciers and ∼1314 ± 66 km 2 of ice area) and differencing of the SRTM and SPOT5 DEMs were used to derive glacier-specific elevation changes over the 2000-12 period. The investigated glaciers showed a volume change of −0.71 ± 0.55 km 3 a −1 , yielding a surface lowering of 0.52 ± 0.35 m a −1 on average and an overall mass loss of 0.46 ± 0.37 m w.e. a −1 . Highly variable individual glacier responses were observed and interestingly, they were less negative than previously reported for the neighboring Patagonian Icefields.
In the present study, we achieved the susceptibility mapping to slope instability processes by the implementation of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination methods, in the North Branch of Argentino Lake, Southern Patagonian Icefield. The strong retraction of the glaciers in the area has triggered paraglacial readjustments, producing instability processes that favor the generation of mass removal processes. The results obtained from optical satellite images show that the highest degrees of susceptibility (4 and 5) are located on the western slopes of the Upsala Channel, Bertacchi and Cono Tributary Glaciers, and the Moyano and Norte Valleys, respectively. These slopes coincide with the geographic location of previous events surveyed by the inventory of unstable areas of the zone. Low degrees of susceptibility are found on the downhill valleys, outcrops rock and glaciers. The Consistency Ratio was 0.069, indicating that being less than 0.1 the study is reliable. The study sheds light on the knowledge of slopes and valleys that are more susceptible to processes of instability in mountainous areas, which would make it possible to prevent possible hazards associated with these events.
ABSTRACT. In this study we present surface velocities estimation for the Upsala glacier catchment, South Patagonian Ice Field (SPI) during the summer season of years 2013 (January-March) and 2014 (March-April), including the Bertacchi, Cono, and Murallón tributaries using satellite images from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The Cross-Correlation method was applied by COSI-Corr technique with sub-pixel accuracy. In general, it should be noted that the SPI glaciers, and Upsala glacier in particular, are fast-flowing ice bodies, which makes the technique works properly. Results of surface velocities estimation ranged from 0.22 to 2.93 md -1 for January-March 2013 and 0.12 to 5.8 md -1 for March-April 2014. In summary, COSI-Corr can achieved accurate and reliable results for glacier displacements and surface velocities estimation, also contributing in the better knowledge of the velocities change processes in time, taking into account Upsala is one of the most dynamic temperate glaciers of the SPI. RESUMEN. Velocidades superficiales del glaciar Upsala, Andes Patagónicos Sur, mediante el uso de correlación cruzada en imágenes satelitales: periodo 2013-2014. En este estudio se presentan las estimaciones de velocidades superficiales de la cuenca del glaciar Upsala, Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur (CHPS) durante la temporada de verano de los años 2013 (enero-marzo) y 2014 (marzo-abril), incluyendo los glaciares tributarios Bertacchi, Cono y Murallón utilizando imágenes satelitales ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer). El método de correlación cruzada se aplicó mediante la implementación de la técnica COSI-Corr, con una precisión a nivel de subpixel. Cabe destacar que los glaciares del CHPS, en general, y el glaciar Upsala, en particular, son cuerpos de hielo de flujo rápido, lo que hace que la técnica funcione correctamente. Los resultados de las velocidades superficiales oscilaron entre 0,22 a 2,93 md -1 para el periodo enero-marzo de 2013 y de 0,12 a 5,8 md -1 para el periodo marzo-abril de 2014. En resumen, COSI-Corr alcanzó resultados precisos y confiables para la estimación de desplazamientos y velocidades superficiales de los glaciares, contribuyendo al mejor conocimiento de los procesos de cambio de velocidades en el tiempo, teniendo en cuenta que Upsala es uno de los glaciares templados más dinámicos del CHPS.
A number of glaciological observations on debris-covered glaciers around the globe have shown a delayed length and mass adjustment in relation to climate variability, a behavior normally attributed to the ice insulation effect of thick debris layers. Dynamic interactions between debris cover, geometry and surface topography of debris-covered glaciers can nevertheless govern glacier velocities and mass changes over time, with many glaciers exhibiting high thinning rates in spite of thick debris cover. Such interactions are progressively being incorporated into glacier evolution research. In this paper we reconstruct changes in debris-covered area, surface velocities and surface features of three glaciers in the Patagonian Andes over the 1958–2020 period, based on satellite and aerial imagery and Digital Elevation Models. Our results show that debris cover has increased from 40 ± 0.6 to 50 ± 6.7% of the total glacier area since 1958, whilst glacier slope has slightly decreased. The gently sloping tongues have allowed surface flow velocities to remain relatively low (<60 m a−1) for the last two decades, preventing evacuation of surface debris, and contributing to the formation and rise of the ice cliff zone upper boundary. In addition, mapping of end of summer snowline altitudes for the last two decades suggests an increase in the Equilibrium Line Altitudes, which promotes earlier melt out of englacial debris and further increases debris-covered ice area. The strongly negative mass budget of the three investigated glaciers throughout the study period, together with the increases in debris cover extent and ice cliff zones up-glacier, and the low velocities, shows a strong linkage between debris cover, mass balance evolution, surface velocities and topography. Interestingly, the presence of thicker debris layers on the lowermost portions of the glaciers has not lowered thinning rates in these ice areas, indicating that the mass budget is mainly driven by climate variability and calving processes, to which the influence of enhanced thinning at ice cliff location can be added.
The present study conducts the design and development of a computational numerical model to describe the behavior of the seasonal oscillatory cycle of advance and recession of the Perito Moreno glacier, named MO-ACAR. Within its oscillatory behavior, in some years the glacier advances and reaches the Magellan Peninsula forming an ice-dam that break down due to the water pressure of the lake after a certain time. Thus, the main goal of the MO-ACAR model is to simulate the daily ice-front position of the glacier and the events occurrence of the ice-dam formation during 1994-2018 period. The model is calibrated and validated from an iterative optimization process, based on the maximization of correlation values and minimization of distance errors to the Magallanes Peninsula. The simulation of the ice-dam’s formation and the oscillation of the frontal position achieved high performance, reaching optimal correlation values (0.99) and small errors in the position (9.56 ± 13.94 m), respectively. The results show that glacier dynamics and ice-dam’s formation respond to different time-scales; whilst in short-, intermediate-term (daily seasonal scales), the occurrence depends as much on the characteristics of the event as on the phase and intensity of the previous event. On the contrary, in long-term periods (scales greater than one year), low-frequency modulation of the ice flow velocity, caused by variations in air temperature, controls the periods with the formation of ice-dams and free of them.
The worldwide retreat and thinning of glaciers in recent decades have a direct impact on the stability of the slopes. The Upsala glacier basin and the glaciers of the North Branch of Argentino Lake have suffered a marked retreat, generating valleys with steep slopes and covered with unstable moraine deposits. Therefore, the slopes are strongly destabilized, favoring the generation of paraglacial geomorphological processes. The main goal of this study is to identify and analyze the paraglacial geomorphology associated with instability processes. We analysis the area through the combination of morphometric parameters and intervening factors that condition and trigger these processes by satellite images. The results show that paraglacial geomorphology is influenced by the combination of: (i) terrain morphometric parameters as, among others, terrain elevations exceeding 700 m ASL, average slopes with a range between 25º-45º, east-northwest slopes aspects with greater insolation, concave curvature of the terrain and slight to moderate roughness (0.40-0.65); (ii) conditioning factors, moraine material deposited by glaciers, weathered rock outcrops and vegetation cover; (iii) triggering factors, groundwater infiltration by proglacial lagoons and surface infiltration by rainfall, thaw and runoff, variation of air and soil temperatures and variation of lake level. In conclusion, the slopes with the greatest paraglacial geomorphological processes resulting from mass removal processes are those in direct contact with the Upsala, Bertacchi and Cono glaciers, the western slope of the Upsala channel and some areas of the Moyano and Norte valleys. The area is characterized by a combination of glacial and paraglacial environments, each being an integral part of the evolution of the environment.
La glaciación y deglaciación modifican las tensiones de las laderas afectadas por estos procesos y pueden desencadenar su inestabilidad y deslizamientos. En el presente estudio se describe, caracteriza y reconstruye un deslizamiento rotacional de suelo y material morrénico de gran magnitud, ocurrido el 10 de febrero de 2013 sobre la ladera oeste del canal Upsala, Brazo Norte del lago Argentino, en la Patagonia Austral. Con este fin, se realizó un análisis cualitativo del estado de la ladera en épocas anteriores y posteriores a la fecha de ocurrencia del deslizamiento, se analizaron los posibles factores condicionantes y desencadenantes de la remoción en masa, y las consecuencias destructivas del tsunami relacionado que afectó las márgenes del lago. Para la reconstrucción del estado de las laderas antes y después del evento, se utilizaron técnicas de fotointerpretación de imágenes satelitales ópticas, modelos digitales de elevación, fotografías históricas, observaciones in situ, datos batimétricos y relatos del personal de guardaparques del Parque Nacional Los Glaciares. El retroceso del glaciar Upsala ha ocasionado la relajación de
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