In 2016 Albania went through a major justice reform which provided legislative changes to the already existing institutions, established new ones and sought to improve the procedural guarantees of the accused in criminal trials. While the Albanian Code of Criminal Procedure prior to the changes did not provide for biological evidence or a medical intervention in the course of a criminal investigation, the new legislative changes introduced the concepts of biological evidence and the compulsory physical examination as part of tools in search of the evidence. Even though the draft amendments to the previous Albanian Code of Criminal procedure recognized the problems encountered in practice during the collection of biological evidence vis à vis individual’s rights to personal integrity and dignity, the application of newly introduced and enacted provisions remains still unclear and raises concerns, not only regarding the possible arbitrary use of such tools by law enforcement authorities, but also on the possible conflicts that can arise from the application of such procedures by medical examiners and physicians and the fundamental rights of the person under examination or undergoing the medical procedure/intervention.
The role of healthcare providers is crucial to the health and well-being of society and the relationship between the patient and the healthcare provider is of paramount importance. The trust put in this relationship benefits not only the health and well-being of the patient, but society as a whole. Undoubtedly, in their everyday activity healthcare providers are bound by a duty of care towards their patients. However, such duty is challenged in case of infectious diseases, giving rise to many ethical dilemmas. Is this duty absolute? Does it apply at all times? Would treating a patient with an infectious disease endanger healthcare provider’s life or the life of others (his/her patients, family, colleagues, friends)? Would treating an infectious patient help the spread of the disease? Would refusal to treat jeopardize healthcare provider’s career and future? Infectious diseases put a heavy social, economic and political burden on the state. This paper aims to examine the special role of the healthcare provider in cases of infectious diseases and the importance of their profession in the general well-being of society.
Trigeminal neuralgia, otherwise known under the French denomination of tic douloureux, is a chronic painful condition of a particular severity. Its descriptions are numerous and date back to centuries before. Although the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve has been well known, the pathophysiology and hence the treatment of this disease has been largely fortuitous. Disparate pharmacological and surgical approaches have been tried, some of them heralding a much-required therapeutic success. The authors make a brief description of the first sources that have systematized the disease, along with all therapies documented in a written form, especially from indexed journals of the two last centuries. Very few remnants of the previous therapies, actually considered obsolete, have survived to the proof of time; one of them relies on the possible role of the autonomic nervous system and anticholinergic therapies, later replaced from modern conservative and interventional approaches. Anticonvulsants have been, since 1940, the mainstay of the therapy, however, progressions in neurosurgery and mini-invasive procedures have substantially improved the quality of life and the prognosis of an otherwise very painful and chronic condition.
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