Here we aim to describe each factor that leads to skin aging and describe their mechanisms. A PubMed database searches (from January 2004 to March 2014) using aging and skin as searched terms. There are substantial evidences showing that aging is associated with damage from free radicals represented by various reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria are producers and also targets of oxidative stress. The cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction can trigger the aging process. In the cellular senescence and telomeres theory, the diploid cells exhibit a limited proliferation potential. After a finite number of divisions, they enter a state of senescence with a stop replication in cell proliferation. It is suggested that aging is associated mainly with hyper-regulation of apoptosis. Obesity presumably accelerates the process of aging, which is aggravated by smoking. And the influence of the environment, called solar UV irradiation is of considerable importance to skin aging. There are several mechanisms that trigger the natural aging process and contribute to age-related changes, including oxidative stress theory of free radicals, the mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, UV radiation and other mechanisms that taken together or alone may or not accelerate the change in skin.

. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing; critical revision. ABSTRACT PURPOSE:To evaluate the expression profile of genes related to Toll Like Receptors (TLR) pathways of human Primary Epidermal keratinocytes of patients with severe burns. METHODS:After obtaining viable fragments of skin with and without burning, culture hKEP was initiated by the enzymatic method using Dispase (Sigma-Aldrich). These cells were treated with Trizol® (Life Technologies) for extraction of total RNA. This was quantified and analyzed for purity for obtaining cDNA for the analysis of gene expression using specific TLR pathways PCR Arrays plates (SA Biosciences). RESULTS:After the analysis of gene expression we found that 21% of these genes were differentially expressed, of which 100% were repressed or hyporegulated. Among these, the following genes (fold decrease): HSPA1A (-58), HRAS (-36), MAP2K3 (-23), TOLLIP (-23), RELA (-18), FOS (-16), and TLR1 (-6.0). CONCLUSIONS:This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to TLR pathways and underlying wound infection caused by the burn. Furthermore, it may provide new strategies to restore normal expression of these genes and thereby change the healing process and improve clinical outcome.

. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing; critical revision. ABSTRACT PURPOSE:Evaluate the expression profile of genes related to Innate and Adaptive Immune System (IAIS) of human Primary Epidermal keratinocytes (hPEKP) of patients with severe burns. METHODS:After obtaining viable fragments of skin with and without burning, culture hKEP was initiated by the enzymatic method using Dispase (Sigma-Aldrich). These cells were treated with Trizol® (Life Technologies) for extraction of total RNA. This was quantified and analyzed for purity for obtaining cDNA for the analysis of gene expression using specific IAIS PCR Arrays plates (SA Biosciences). RESULTS:After the analysis of gene expression we found that 63% of these genes were differentially expressed, of which 77% were repressed and 23% were hyper-regulated. Among these, the following genes (fold increase or decrease): IL8 (41), IL6 (32), TNF (-92), HLA-E (-86), LYS (-74), CCR6 (-73), CD86 (-41) and HLA-A (-35).CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying wound infection caused by the burn. Furthermore, it may provide new strategies to restore normal expression of these genes and thereby change the healing process and improve clinical outcome.

. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing; critical revision. Abstract Purpose:To evaluate the level of cytokines and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) or Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 (FGF-7) in the culture medium of cultured human dermal fibroblasts from patients with large burn in comparison to small burn. Methods:Fibroblasts of 10 patients (four large burns, four small burns and two controls) were initiated by the enzymatic method using collagenase. Cytokines and KGF in the supernatant of the culture medium was measured by, respectively, flow cytometry using Cytometric Bead Array Human Inflammation kit (CBA, BD Biosciences, USA) and the enzyme immunoassay method using the Quantikine ® Human KGF. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Results:The expression of IL-12 protein in patients with large burns showed a tendency to increase. IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1beta were observed no difference. For IL -8, TNF -alpha and KGF was observed a significant difference between the expression in large and small burned patient. Conclusion:That IL-8, TNF-alpha and KGF showed higher expression in cultured fibroblasts of large burned patients.

Angiotensin-(1 -7) ] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that has antiproliferative properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of Ang-(1 -7) and of Ang-(1 -7)-substituents 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) e Ang II-derivatives containing the TOAC (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid) in normal (MCF10A) and in tumoral (MCF7) epithelial mammary cell lines. Both cell lines received an hCG and angiotensin peptides 24-hour treatment, in combination or alone followed by cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays performed by flow cytometer (GUAVA). After hCG, Ang-(1 -7), hCG + Ang-(1 -7) and hCG + Ang-(1 -7)-Fmoc treatments, MCF7 displayed cell viability decrease and mid-apoptosis increase. We also observed cell viability decrease in MCF10A after Ang-(1 -7), Ang-(1 -7) Fmoc and hCG + AngII Toac treatments. These cells had an increase in late apoptosis and necrosis after AngII Toac, hCG + Ang-(1 -7) and hCG + Ang-(1 -7)-Fmoc treatments. Regarding the cell cycle analysis, we did not observed any changes in cell cycle phases. In summary, cell viability was decreased and apoptosis (initial, mid and late) was increased after hCG and/or Ang-(1 -7) peptides treatments. These results point out hCG and Ang-(1 -7) as effective compounds to inhibit cell proliferation, since they decrease cell viability and increase apoptosis in both normal and in tumoral breast cells, being the effect more pronounced in the tumoral cell line. Our results support the idea of investigating more closely the putative use of these compounds as novel therapeutic agents for breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Angiotensin-(1 - 7) [Ang-(1 - 7)] has been correlated with cancer antiproliferative and apoptotic effects, similar properties of the human Chorionic Gonadotrofin (hCG). The aims of this work are to evaluate the role of Ang-(1 - 7) and of hCG in modulating the expression of Nuclear Receptors and Coregulators related genes in the tumorigenic breast cell line SK-BR3. Three experimental groups were created: control, hCG and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7). Cells were treated for 11 days and then had their RNA extracted. Samples were loaded into PCR Array plates containing 84 genes relate to Nuclear Receptors and Coregulators pathways. Gene expression data were used to construct canonical pathways (Metacore^TM). hCG and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) treatments markedly modulate the expression of Nuclear Receptors and Coregulators related genes. hCG differentially expressed 17% of the genes, being 29% upregulated and 71% downregulated. Meanwhile, hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) changed the expression of 30% of the genes on the plate, among these genes 56% were upregulated and 44% downregulated. Among these differentially expressed genes, we highlight Esr1, Nr2f2, and Nr2f1, Esr1, Hdac5, and Nr4A1 (>4 fold). Finally MetaCore analysis based on Gene Ontology (GO) generated six networks for hCG and ten networks for the combined treatment. All generated networks are related to regulation of apoptosis or to Programmed Cell Death processes. In summary, our results herein demonstrate that the modulation of sexual hormones and of other nuclear factor genes expression might underlie the tumorigenic protection effect and the induction of cell differentiation caused by the hormones hCG and Ang-(1 - 7), especially in Cancer ...

. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing; critical revision. ABSTRACT PURPOSE:To evaluate KGF and human beta defensin-4 (HBD-4) levels produced by dermic fibroblasts and keratinocytes cultivated from burned patients' skin samples. METHODS:Keratinocytes and fibroblasts of 10 patients (four major burns, four minor burns and two controls) were primarily cultivated according to standard methods. HBD-4 and KGF genes were analyzed by quantitative PCR.

To discuss the normal mechanism of wound healing (WH), the role of growth factors (GF) in preclinical and clinical studies and its importance in the healing of abnormal wound therapy. For search, we used the PUBMED and LILACS database, and the following descriptors: skin, wound healing, growth factor and clinical trials. We also prioritized the analysis of the Clinical Trials in the previous 10 years. Although there are many studies being conducted in the pre-clinical phase, we see that there are few studies in the clinical phase. 274 studies were identified, and 58 were selected. After tissue injury, repair occurs through coordinated biological actions that are healing. The importance of the study of healing in the skin is not only because of its anatomical location, easy access and exposure, but also because of its vital function. There is accumulating evidence that the process of healing after injury may be mediated by several GF. However, may this class of molecules even act effectively on the clinical response of this pathological condition? Many preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) reinforce the importance and efficacy of GF in the regeneration of damaged skin. Furthermore, recent studies have reported the use in adjuvant or not, of GF in clinical treatment to improve WH in humans. Therefore, we conclude that it seems to be effective by the use of GF in adjuvant or not in WH. However, it still seems to be necessary to carry out more clinical trials in phase I and II.