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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory skin disease that usually involves the anogenital area. All patients with symptoms or signs suspicious of lichen sclerosus should be seen at least once initially by a physician with a special interest in the disease in order to avoid delay in diagnosis, as early treatment may cure the disease in some and reduce or prevent scarring. The diagnosis is made clinically in most cases. Biopsies should only be performed under certain circumstances. The gold standard for treatment remains potent to very potent topical steroids; however, mild and moderate disease in boys and men may be cured by circumcision. Certain triggers should be avoided.

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The German language USS-PROM shows similar psychometric properties to the English language version. This instrument can be improved by assessing EF by the use of IIEF-5. Further studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to evaluate the significance of measuring UI in urethroplasty patients.

At short-term to mid-term followup the success rate of ventral onlay buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty in patients with radiotherapy history seems acceptable. However, patients must be counseled about the increased risk of urinary incontinence. Longer followup is warranted to address long-term outcomes.

The T-plasty represents a safe and valuable option in treating highly recurrent BNC after surgery for benign hyperplasia. It offers multiple advantages compared to other techniques such as a single-staged approach and the opportunity for reconstruction of a reliable wide bladder neck by usage of two well-vascularized flaps. Success rate, low rate of complications and preservation of continence are highly encouraging.

DVIU after BMGU showed a moderate success rate and therefore might be a viable treatment option in selected patients with very short strictures after BMGU. However, longer follow-up is warranted to prove long-term effectiveness.