Despite numerous studies of AYA cancer survivors, very few studies have examined the psychosocial and psychological impacts of cancer when onset occurs during adolescence and young adulthood. Almost no studies have examined the impacts on their parent caregivers. The findings of this study support the need for early identification of psychological distress, appropriate developmental perspectives to understand AYA distress, and the need for family-based psychological assessment and interventions.

In small countries, BA treatment should be centralized to appointed multidisciplinary teams allowing high quality results with a median of four cases/year.

Controversy remains about the role of protocol liver biopsy for symptom-free recipients and about the long-term use of lowdose steroids after pediatric liver transplantation (LT). We conducted a national cross-sectional study of pediatric recipients who underwent LT between 1987 and 2007. Liver biopsy samples were taken from 54 patients (82% of survivors) after a median posttransplant follow-up of 11 years, and they were reviewed by 2 pathologists blinded to the clinical data. Biopsy samples from 18 patients (33%) showed nearly normal histology with no inflammation, fibrosis, or steatosis. Portal inflammation was detected in 14 samples (26%), showed no correlation with anti-nuclear antibodies, and was less frequent in the 35 patients whose immunosuppression included steroids (14% versus 47% of patients not using steroids, P ¼ 0.009). Fibrosis was present in 21 biopsy samples (39%). According to the Metavir classification, 15 were stage 1, 4 were stage 2, and 2 were stage 3. The fibrosis stage correlated negatively with serum prealbumin levels (r ¼ À0.364, P ¼ 0.007) and positively with chronic cholestasis (cytokeratin 7 staining; r ¼ 0.546, P < 0.001) and portal inflammation (r ¼ 0.350, P ¼ 0.01). Microvesicular steatosis was found in 23 biopsy samples (43% of patients in 5%-80% of hepatocytes), and it correlated with the body mass index (r ¼ 0.517, P < 0.001) but not with steroid use. The age of the allograft (donor age plus follow-up time) correlated with higher serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (r ¼ 0.472, P < 0.001) and conjugated bilirubin levels (r ¼ 0.420, P ¼ 0.002) as well as chronic cholestasis (r ¼ 0.305, P ¼ 0.03). The biopsy findings led to treatment changes in 10 patients (19%), whereas only 1 complication (subcapsular hematoma) was encountered. In conclusion, continuing low-dose steroids indefinitely after pediatric LT may have a positive effect on the long-term histological state of the liver graft. Allograft aging may lead to chronic cholestasis and thus contribute to the development of liver fibrosis. Liver Transpl 19:145-154, 2013. V C 2012 AASLD.Received July 17, 2012; accepted October 15, 2012.Because good long-term survival after pediatric liver transplantation (LT) may now be expected in the majority of patients, issues related to the persistence of stable liver function and preserved histology are becoming more relevant. Although liver biopsy is widely used in the early posttransplant period, controversy remains about whether the routine follow-up of symptom-free LT recipients should include liver

Despite resolution of cholestasis and decreasing inflammation, bile duct proliferation, periportal CK7 immunostaining, and fibrosis persist after successful PE. Fibrosis is associated with biochemical cholestasis, bile duct proliferation, CK7 immunopositivity (chronic cholestasis), and development of portal hypertension.

In future studies as well as clinical surveillance of BA patients' varices, successful and failed portoenterostomy patients should be approached as separate groups with divergent prognoses. After failed portoenterostomy, surveillance should start early, for example, at 6 months.