The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a notorious pest on maize. The push-pull strategy based on intercropping and interplanting system has been reported to effectively reduce the damage of FAW. However, the suitable mode for FAW management has not been reported thoroughly. We therefore investigated the adaptability, feeding preference and oviposition of FAW on maize (Zea mays L.), mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red bean (Vigna angularis Willd.) and yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata L.), which commonly used in maize-legume intercropping system. We also evaluated the occurrence of FAW in push-pull cropping test. Results showed that FAW could complete life history reared on the six hosts, and it was more suitable for maize, red bean and yardlong bean but less suitable for the others. The feeding preference and oviposition tests revealed that FAW had strong preference for maize and yardlong bean, while the opposite was true for mung bean. In addition, the push-pull cropping test showed that the injured rate on maize intercropping mung bean surrounded by yardlong bean was significantly less than that on maize monocropping and maize surrounded by yardlong bean. The study indicated that mung bean and yardlong bean are promising introduced into push-pull control, and could provide a new perspective for FAW management in maize-legume intercropping system.
Bacillus thuringiensis is an effective entomopathogen, and its crystal toxin expressed in transgenic crops has been widely used for pest control. However, insect resistance risk is the main threat to the continued successful utility of Bt crops. Several studies reported the role of midgut microbiota in Bt resistance, but the mechanism remains controversial. In the present study, using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we surveyed the midgut bacterial flora of Ostrinia furnacalis from one Bt-susceptible (ACB-BtS) and two Bt-resistant (ACB-AbR and ACB-FR) strains and explored the mortality of O. furnacalis after eliminating the gut bacteria. Gut bacterial diversity in Bt-resistant strains was significantly lower in Bt-resistant than in Bt-susceptible strains. Ordination analyses and statistical tests showed that the bacterial community of ACB-AbR was distinguishable from ACB-BtS. The genus Halomonas was dominated in ACB-BtS, but the unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae was the most enriched genus in ACB-AbR and ACB-FR. Furthermore, interactions of the bacterial community are more complex in Bt-resistant strains than in Bt-susceptible strains. Moreover, the mortalities of ACB-AbR and ACB-BtS strains treated by the Cry1Ab toxin were significantly reduced after eliminating the gut bacteria. Our findings suggest that Bt stressors structured in the midgut bacterial community and the microbiota have the potential to regulate the Bt-induced killing mechanism.
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