The Internet of Things is an ecosystem which enables objects and devices, such as sensors or actuators, to communicate and exchange information with each other without human intervention. One of the main challenges in the Internet of Things is the lack of semantic interoperability. Devices cannot understand the meaning of raw data, due to the diversity and heterogeneity in data formats from different sources. In order to deal with semantic interoperability, ontologies are the one way to integrate semantics to raw data. They describe an IoT system and represent the data in a standardized way. The IoT devices provide a great deal of IoT data, mainly used for specific IoT applications such as smart home, smart farming, smart cities or healthcare. Therefore, existing applications became isolated in vertical silos, each one of them use independently their own model (i.e. ontology), which makes this ontologies also limited to a specific domain. Our approach has the goal of breaking down these vertical silos and achieves a semantic interoperability across IoT domains in cross-domain applications. In this paper, we propose a development of a single cross-domain ontology named CDOnto. The latter is considered to be a generic across different IoT domains, which can be extended by domain-specific ontologies. The proposed ontological model follows a contextual approach to organize and distinguish the combined domains (i.e. contexts) representations. In addition, the ontology allows reasoning across overlapping IoT domains and infers a complementary and new knowledge required in cross-domain applications. Povzetek: Predlagamo semantični ontološki model za doseganje semantične interoperabilnosti v kontekstu interneta stvari (IoT).
Due to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), researchers have demonstrated various IoT solutions, which are used to interconnect a wide range of IoT devices through the Internet. However, IoT stumbled into vertical silos; the available solutions provide specific IoT infrastructure, devices, protocols, data formats and models. This diversity and heterogeneity lead to interoperability issues. Heterogeneity happens at all IoT layers, especially at the application layer; devices often adopt mutually incompatible application-layer communication protocols to connect devices to IoT services. Furthermore, in order to integrate semantics to raw data, each system uses its one domain-specific ontology to make data more understandable and interpretable by adding semantic annotations. Working in isolation reduces the interoperability among IoT devices and systems, things across domains need to internetwork and collaborate to provide high level IoT services. Therefore, to alleviate the problem of both communication protocol interoperability and semantic interoperability across vertical silos of systems at the application layer, this paper proposes a semantic gateway (SGIoT) that acts as a bridge between heterogeneous sink nodes at the physical level and IoT services. SGIoT enables interconnectivity between communication protocols such as CoAP and MQTT regardless of their communication model, meanwhile it enables semantics integration throu gh cross-domain ontology (CDOnto) for semantic annotation, in order to provide interpretation of messages among IoT applications across domains. Our approach focuses on modularity and extensibility.
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