Water is a multi-dimensional issue and a prerequisite for achieving human security, from the individual to the international level. The Nile River has long been a crucial component of both the identity and the vitality of Egypt. Egypt faces a rapidly increasing deterioration of its surface and groundwater due to increasing discharges of heavily polluted domestic and industrial effluents into its waterways. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture also causes water pollution problems. Many disasters in Egypt were happening and leading to water pollution. Toxicity of fishes in Egypt occurs due to water pollution from chemical plants and sewage pipes. The water quality assessment is very important for implementation of the monitoring and remediation programs to minimize the risk promoted by hazardous substances in aquatic ecosystems. Evaluation of the degree of contamination of aquatic environments must take in account its chemical characteristics which has potential toxic effects and allows an integrated evaluation of its effects on populations of the aquatic system. During the last few decades, great attention has been paid to the possible dangers of heavy metal poisoning in human due to the consumption of contaminated fish. Industrial and agricultural discharges such as coal and oil combustion, phosphate fertilizers, plastics and pesticides are considered the major sources of heavy metal pollutants of water.
Egyptian rapidly growing population and establishing energy-intensive industrial facilities demanded large supply of power to maintain that growth. Egypt is a country well suited for alternative energy production. It has strong, steady wind, good solar energy and the hydrothermal resources from the Nile. The government decided to improve the diversity of energy by embracing opportunities from renewable sources as solar and wind in the energy mix, to bring the balance back to Egypt's energy market. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) , should be considered in all stages starting from planning, site selection, type of technology used, and installing phase. Life cycle assessment tool is used as a method to know the average environmental impact of different renewable energy source for appropriate planning and proper decision making. This showed the importance of generating awareness towards environmental impact of various renewable energy systems.
Introduction: The use of anesthetic gases might lead to Chromosomal Aberrations (CAs) among the operating room personnel. Aim of work: To monitor isoflurane air level in the environment of operating rooms denoting the use of anesthetic gases, and to assess the CAs among operating room (OR) personnel. Materials and Methods: Operating room personnel 184 (68 males and 116 females) were included in the study and compared with 192 other hospital areas personnel (63 males and 129 females). All subjects filled a questionnaire including personnel, family, past and present histories. All subjects were tested for chromosomal aberrations. Operating theaters were evaluated regarding the type of breathing circuits used whether open or closed, the type of anesthetic gases used, presence of air conditioning, and scavenging system. Isoflurane air level was measured using the organic method 103 by OSHA. Results: OR personnel had significantly higher percentage of CAs than control group (p value <0.001). Also it is higher with higher concentrations of waste anesthetic gases. There was a positive correlation between prolonged exposure to high concentrations of anesthetic gases and the occurrence of CAs among exposed OR personnel. Smoking had positive significant effect on frequency of CAs (p value = 0.017). Isoflurane air level was higher than NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (RELs) in most of measured points, and that the level is higher in dual open and closed circuits using theaters, also the level was higher in points near the anesthesia machine and in recovery rooms than critical care rooms. Conclusion: Isoflurane air level was higher than RELs in most of measured points. Personnel working in operating theaters are more at risk to
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