Chronic pain is a prevalent condition and those who report chronic pain generally suffer from ill health and limitations in their daily life compared to individuals not suffering from the condition.

Our data indicate that individuals with musculoskeletal chronic pain have increased risk of poor mental health and diminished QoL. Further studies are needed on treatment and preventative measures of a decline in mental health among individuals with chronic pain.

An electromechanical spinal model can be used as training tool along with an oscilloscope. Longer training may be needed for the force than the displacement for accurate perception.

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Posteroanterior spinal mobilization is a commonly used technique among physical therapists to diagnose and treat lower back pain patients. Human subjects and instruments have been used to test for the reliability of physical therapists' ability to detect intervertebral motion, but studies confirm unreliable testing. Despite documented efficacy of manual treatment the mechanical response to posteroanterior spinal mobilization is not well understood, and this has been emphasized in recent studies. Various modes of instrumental methodology have been used for objective measurements of force application and joint displacement. Some instruments serve to mobilize the spine others serve as measurement tools for mobilization. The literature does not provide a gold standard for the ideal magnitude of force applied or joint displacement. The terminology used in the field of manual therapy is often confusing, and terms need to be defined. A review and discussion is presented here to highlight the issues and gaps.

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition affecting quality of life and restricting societal participation. Intensive multidisciplinary bio-psycho-social rehabilitation is essential for this patient group. This study shows improvement in health-related quality of life and pain intensity following such rehabilitation. Emphasizing mindfulness based cognitive therapy and neuroscience patient education improves sleep to more extend than more traditional approach.

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Multidisciplinary interventions for women with chronic pain conditions improved quality of life and pain intensity with lasting improvements observed half a year after treatment completion. Implications for rehabilitation Intensive multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation is essential for chronic pain conditions. This follow-up study shows sustained improvement in health-related quality of life and pain intensity six months after such rehabilitation was completed. Emphasizing mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and neuroscience patient education may contribute to less decline in pain intensity from discharge to six-month follow-up compared with a more traditional approach.