Proteases that can remain active under extreme conditions such as high temperature, pH, and salt concentration are widely applicable in the commercial sector. The majority of the proteases are rendered useless under harsh conditions in industries. Therefore, there is a need to search for new proteases that can tolerate and function in harsh conditions, thus improving their commercial value. In this study, 142 bacterial isolates were isolated from diverse alkaline soil habitats. The two highest protease-producing bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis S1 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KSM12, respectively, based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimal protease production was detected at pH 8, 37 °C, 48 h, 5% (w/v) NaCl for Bacillus subtilis S1 (99.8 U/mL) and pH 9, 37 °C, 72 h, 10% (w/v) NaCl for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KSM12 (94.6 U/mL). The molecular weight of these partially purified proteases was then assessed on SDS-PAGE (17 kDa for Bacillus subtilis S1 and 65 kDa for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KSM12), respectively. The maximum protease activity for Bacillus subtilis S1 was detected at pH 8, 40 °C, and for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KSM12 at pH 9, 60 °C. These results suggest that the proteases secreted by Bacillus subtilis S1 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KSM12 are suitable for industries working in a highly alkaline environment.
The increase in immigration is an adverse effect of an increasingly globalized world.Access to mobility has become an indicator of status because the movement of certain populations is restricted through methods like immigration detention. In Canada, immigration is becoming criminalized to the extent that children are being detained in immigration holding centres (IHC) and other facilities. In this paper, I conceptualize the immigration detention of children in Canada as a crime of the powerful because it is a symptom of a corrupt system. In this system, pro-social behaviour caters to the interests of those in power at the expense of vulnerable populations. David Friedrichs (2015) highlights 'mundane' crimes of the powerful which occur on a regular basis but are often overlooked since they maintain the social order (p. 113). Specifically, I argue that the detention of children in IHCs and other facilities in Canada is a 'mundane' crime of the state because the 1989 United Nations' Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is strategically applied to maintain the interests of those in power.First, I present a literature review that provides a description of the issue and draws on criminological theory to create an analytical framework. Next, I present an analysis organized around the following concepts: human rights, power, prevention, equality, and justice. In the analysis, I use legal definitions, where available, and commonly accepted definitions, where 2019 Canadian Journal of Children's Rights 243 necessary, to critique dominant narratives that permit the violation of children's rights, through acts like immigration detention. Finally, I evaluate existing solutions and alternatives as well as propose new ones to work towards ending the immigration detention of children in Canada.Ultimately, I will demonstrate that the detention of children in IHCs and other facilities is a 'mundane' crime that is used to maintain systems of power. Literature Review Immigration Detention of Children in Canada: A 'Mundane' Crime of the Powerful'State crime' has always been difficult to define within the context of criminology. Rick Matthews and David Kauzlarich ( 2007) argue that conceptualizations of state crime are constrained by the legal approach. For the purposes of this paper, state crime includes all harms resulting from acts and/or omissions perpetrated by governmental agencies and/or organizations that may serve their own self-interests (p. 46-47). These acts or omissions may or may not be criminalized and may even be facilitated through legislation. Thus, the immigration detention of children should be understood as a criminological issue as it is perpetrated by the state through the act of detention and failure to guarantee the rights of these children.To further understand the state's interests in detaining children in IHCs and other facilities, criminology must broaden its object of study. 'Crimmigration' is defined as the "convergence" of criminal law and immigration law (Stumpf, 2006, p. 378). João Velloso (2...
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