Methods to determine individualized breast cancer risk lack sufficient sensitivity to select women most likely to benefit from preventive strategies. Alterations in DNA methylation occur early in breast cancer. We hypothesized that cancer-specific methylation markers could enhance breast cancer risk assessment. We evaluated 380 women without a history of breast cancer. We determined their menopausal status or menstrual cycle phase, risk of developing breast cancer (Gail model), and breast density, and obtained random fine needle aspiration (rFNA) samples for assessment of cytopathology and cumulative methylation index (CMI). Eight methylated gene markers were identified through whole genome methylation analysis and included novel and previously established breast cancer detection genes. We performed correlative and multivariate linear regression analyses to evaluate DNA methylation of a gene panel as a function of clinical factors associated with breast cancer risk. CMI and individual gene methylation were independent of age, menopausal status or menstrual phase, lifetime Gail risk score, and breast density. CMI and individual gene methylation for the eight genes increased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing cytological atypia. The findings were verified with multivariate analyses correcting for age, log (Gail), log (percent density), rFNA cell number and BMI. Our results demonstrate a significant association between cytological atypia and high CMI, which does not vary with menstrual phase or menopause and is independent of Gail risk and mammographic density. Thus CMI is an excellent candidate breast cancer risk biomarker, warranting larger prospective studies to establish its utility for cancer risk assessment.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria and causative organisms that are responsible for the development of bacteriuria in pregnant women visiting antenatal checkup in outpatient Department in hospital. Methodology: This was a Cross sectional study conducted in the Outpatient department of Gynecology, SIMS/Services Hospital, Lahore after taking ethical approval. The duration of the study was about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used in the study. Any gestational age, all pregnant women with no clinical symptoms of bacteriuria were included in the study. Frequency and percentages was determined for qualitative data like asymptomatic bacteriuria and causative agent (i.e., Staph Aureus, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonae). Results: A total of 220 pregnant women were selected. Their mean age were reported 26.12±4.08 years ranging from 17-37 years. Culture and sensitivity results confirmed 16(7.3%) cases with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Among 16 positive cases, E.coli was the predominant organism isolated in 8(50%) samples followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 4(25%) samples, Klebsiella in 1(6.25%), Candida Species in 1 (6.25%) and mixed growth in 2(12.5%) sample were detected in urine culture and sensitivity test. Conclusion: This study concludes that frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria was uncommon amongst those pregnant women who attended for antenatal checkup. Most predominant pathogen isolated from culture was Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords: Bacteriuria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.