The aim of this study was investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on volume-load and ratings of perceived exertion. Fifteen young healthy individuals, aged between 20 and 30 years in advanced strength training were recruited. Test and retest of the 10 maximum repetitions (10RM) were performed to determine the reliability of load utilized. Subjects performed three experimental conditions in a randomized, double-blinded crossover design: anodic stimulation (a-tDCS), cathodic stimulation (c-tDCS) and sham (2 mA for 20 minutes targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cortex left). Immediately after the experimental conditions, subjects completed one set of maximum repetitions with 10RM load (volume-load) and answered to OMNI-RES (Post-stimulation) (level of significance p ≤ 0.05). The volume-load showed main effect for condition (F(2, 28)= 164.801; p<0.001). In post-stimulation, a-tDCS was greater than c-tDCS (p ≤ 0.001), and sham (p ≤ 0.001). For ratings of perceived exertion (OMNI-RES), the results showed main effect for condition (F(2, 28)=9.768; p ≤ 0.05). In post-stimulation, c-tDCS was greater than a-tDCS (p ≤ 0.05), and sham (p ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the use of a-tDCS may promote increased in volume-load for the LP45 exercise. Moreover, higher-volume loads are necessary to maximize muscle strength and anabolism.

PurposeThe accurate estimative of energy needs is crucial for an optimal physical performance among athletes and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) equations often are not well adjusted for adolescent athletes requiring the use of specific methods, such as the golden standard indirect calorimetry (IC). Therefore, we had the aim to analyse the agreement between the BMR of adolescents pentathletes measured by IC and estimated by commonly used predictive equations.MethodsTwenty-eight athletes (17 males and 11 females) were evaluated for BMR, using IC and the predictive equations Harris and Benedict (HB), Cunningham (CUN), Henry and Rees (HR) and FAO/WHO/UNU (FAO). Body composition was obtained using DXA and sexual maturity data were retrieved through validated questionnaires. The correlations among anthropometric variables an IC were analysed by T-student test and ICC, while the agreement between IC and the predictive equations was analysed according to Bland and Altman and by survival-agreement plotting.ResultsThe whole sample average BMR measured by IC was significantly different from the estimated by FAO (p<0.05). Adjusting data by gender FAO and HR equations were statistically different from IC (p <0.05) among males, while female differed only for the HR equation (p <0.05).ConclusionThe FAO equation underestimated athletes’ BMR when compared with IC (T Test). When compared to the golden standard IC, using Bland and Altman, ICC and Survival-Agreement, the equations underestimated the energy needs of adolescent pentathlon athletes up to 300kcal/day. Therefore, they should be used with caution when estimating individual energy requirements in such populations.

Aerobic and strength exercises programs proved being important components in the treatment of morbid obesity. Special care when establishing the volume-intensity exercise is required for adherence to treatment, and a proposal for a valid individualized exercise programs.

The high variability among results indicated imprecision. Predictive skinfold equations developed for nonathlete adolescents do not offer good validity for modern adolescent pentathlon athletes, and should be avoided.

RESUMOIntrodução: A caracterização do perfil antropométrico ao fim da fase de treinamento competitivo e após o destreinamento decorrente da fase de transição pode auxiliar a elaboração de estratégias que beneficiem pentatletas adolescentes no retorno ao treinamento. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do destreinamento, originado pela fase de transição, na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 16 meninos (15,12 ± 1,77 anos) e 10 meninas (14,57 ± 2,40 anos) praticantes de pentatlo moderno. A adesão à dieta específica no período de destreinamento foi avaliada por profissionais especializados. No fim das fases competitivas e de transição, foram avaliadas a maturação sexual e as variáveis antropométricas. Resultados: Valores percentuais demonstram que meninas tendem a aderir mais à dieta do que meninos. Diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os períodos foram observadas somente no sexo masculino, nas variáveis massa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), somatório de dobras cutâneas (0,033) e na mesomorfia (0,001). Conclusão: A massa corporal, o somatório de dobras cutâneas e a mesomorfia parecem ter sofrido impacto negativo do destreinamento. O aumento da estatura parece estar associado ao pico de velocidade da estatura. Em meninas, a tendência de aderirem mais à dieta pode ter contribuído para a não identificação de alterações antropométricas. Palavras

High accuracy in estimating energy expenditure is essential for enhancing sports performance. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), as a primary component of total energy expenditure (TEE), is commonly estimated using predictive equations. However, these references may not be applicable to adolescent athletes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the differences between predicted RMR in relation to energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) among 45 Brazilian male adolescent football athletes. Indirect calorimetry (IC) and anthropometric (bioimpedance) measurements were recorded at a single visit to the laboratory after fasting overnight. The mean age was 15.6 ± 1.14 years, body mass was 63.05 ± 7.8 kg, and height was 172 ± 7.5 cm. The RMR values predicted by equations proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (United Nations), Henry and Rees (HR), Harris Benedict (HB), and Cunningham (CUN) were compared with IC RMR values, by correlation analysis. The FAO and HR predictive equations yielded different values from IC (IC: 1716.26 ± 202.58, HR: 1864.87 ± 147.78, FAO: 1854.28 ± 130.19, p = 0.001). A moderate correlation of 0.504 was found between the results of HB and IC. In the survival-agreement model, the CUN equation showed low disagreement with the IC RMR, with error values between 200 and 300 kcal/day. The results showed that HB and CUN yielded similar values as IC, with the CUN equation showing low disagreement with IC; hence, adolescent athletes should undergo evaluation with precise laboratory methods to ensure that accurate information about RMR is recorded.

Introdução: Ao longo dos anos, observa-se um crescimento do número de mulheres participantes nos campeonatos de futsal no âmbito universitário. Entretanto, a literatura científica acerca da motivação neste grupo é escassa.Objetivo: Investigar a motivação para a prática do futsal competitivo universitário entre as mulheres atletas da modalidade.Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo no qual foram avaliadas 41 atletas universitárias de futsal feminino do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, filiadas à Federação de Esporte Universitário do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2015. Os fatores motivacionais foram avaliados utilizando-se a Escala de Motivos para a Prática Esportiva (EMPE), baseada na Teoria da Avaliação Cognitiva, que classifica os resultados em estratos de importância para o indivíduo: 0,00-0,99: nada importante; 1,00-3,99: pouco importante; 4,00-6,99: importantes; 7,00-9,99: muito importantes e 10,00: totalmente importantes. A análise estatística dos dados foi do tipo descritiva feita através da média, mediana e desvio padrão.Resultados: As dimensões “Condicionamento Físico” (7,67±2,12), “Liberação de Energia” (7,49±1,51), “Afiliação” (7,65±1,54), “Aperfeiçoamento Técnico” (8,24±1,64) e “Saúde” (8,05±2,06) foram consideradas muito importantes para as participantes do estudo. As dimensões que mostraram valores mais baixos foram “Status” (6,69±1,96) e “Contexto” (6,18±1,91), classificadas como importantes para as atletas.Conclusão: Todas as dimensões da motivação foram importantes ou muito importantes para as praticantes de futsal. Novos estudos devem ser conduzidos com objetivo de aprofundar os achados da presente abordagem.Motivation in University Futsal Female Athletes in Rio de JaneiroIntroduction: Over the years, the number of women participating in futsal championships at university level has increased. However, scientific literature on motivation in this group is scarce.Objective: To investigate the motivation to practice competitive futsal among female athletes of this sport.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Forty one female athletes from the state of Rio de Janeiro, affiliated to the Federation of University Sports of Rio de Janeiro in the year 2015 participated in the study. The motivational factors were evaluated using the Motivational Scale for Sports Practice (EMPE), based on the Cognitive Evaluation Theory, which classifies the results into strata of importance for the individual: 0.00-0.99: not important; 1.00-3.99: not important; 4.00-6.99: important; 7.00-9.99: very important and 10.00: totally important. The statistical analysis of the data was of the descriptive type made through the mean, median and standard deviation.Results: “Physical Conditioning”(7.67±2.12), “Energy” (7.49±1.51), “Affiliation” (7.65±1.54), “Technical Improvement” (8.24±1.64) and “Health” (8,05±2.06) dimensions were considered very important for the participants of the study. The dimensions that showed lower values were “Status” (6.69±1.96) and “Context” (6.18±1.91), evaluated as important for those athletes.Conclusion: All dimensions of motivation were important or very important for the futsal female practitioners. Further studies should be conducted with the objective of deepening the findings of this approach.

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