Bangkok clay is a well-known soft clay among engineers around the world who work with soil-related fields. Many government institutions have to deal with many pipeline construction problems and open-cut trench technique due to many of its responsible regions containing Bangkok soft clay. The aim of this paper is to review the soil improvement techniques used in the construction of water supply pipelines and open-cut trench technique for solving pipeline construction & maintenance problems in responsible areas. Based on the related data, pipeline construction standards, backfill materials and zoning of construction, techniques have to be considered for improvement, and the effect of Bangkok clays must be considered in proposing suitable soil improvement techniques. In order to solve the problem, factors such as the ability for working on site with simplified components and techniques, efficient quality control, local and low cost material must be considered for the application of soil improvement. Due to the fact that the technique must be applicable to solve the problems, three soil improvement techniques were presented including: 1) Liquefied Stabilized Soil (LSS) technique 2) Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) technique and 3) Soil improvement with liquefied rubber technique. These techniques are appropriate for various conditions of the regions such as area constraint, constructions time, and material availability. Several materials can be applied for the two prominent techniques (LSS and CLSM). Those materials are excavated soil, reused or by-product materials, etc. On the other hand, using liquefied rubber for soil improvement requires short duration for hardening and construction. The essential composition of "Liquefied Rubber" is a natural product, which can be found locally. These are the dominant factors of this technique. Hence, the natural rubber value is added to rubber products industry in South East Asia region. This technique enhances the sustainable development of a Green Material in the future.
A water distribution network is one of the key basic infrastructure systems which is used to serve the population sufficient quantity of good quality water [1]. Due to Infrastructure development and urban growth, most of pipe rehabilitation areas and old pipe line systems are affected by other infrastructure systems such as electrical lines, pedestrian overpass structure, drainage systems and other substructures [2]. The changing of environment such as construction nearby pipeline, flooding, transportation management etc. are important factors for the pipe failures and buffer zone. Especially, the record shows that problems of buffer areas have more affected to fracture leakage and water losses than other factors in the Nontha Buri service area. Normally, the failures causes can provide to 1) potential of pipe materials, 2) water supply operations system and 3) external forces. The problem of buffer zone is a predominant factor causing the pipe failures from external forces. Several of unexpected forces from surroundings can be directly transfer to pipe surface due to the problems of buffer zone cannot decrease the pressure distribution on the pipe. The improvement of buffer zone is an important factor for pipe failures reduction. The physical properties of standard and natural materials were considered to be essential for the buffer zone in order to repair and decrease the pipe leakages. The force absorption and flexibility of material are important properties for buffer zone improvement, pipe rehabilitation, and the solutions of the old pipe repairing. This paper aims to study the usage of natural rubber called Standard Thai Rubber (STR) in reducing the stress distribution affecting the pipeline. Three types of STR were used in this study; which are STR 5, STR 10, and STR CV. STR CV has been adjusted the Constant Viscosity Rubber (CV) with a Hydroxylamine hydrochloride content of 0.15% by weight. The simulation model of STR plate shows that the stress was reduced in both vertical and horizontal stress distribution for the case studies by a factor of around 3 and 4 times of normally repairing techniques respectively, of which STR CV produce the best performance. At the observation period, water loss has been reduced around 1.5% or 86,000 m 3 per month of Billed Authorized Consumption. The natural rubber product from agriculture that has not been industrially manufactured has a good efficiency potential to be used for decreasing the stress distribution in buffer zone of pipe rehabilitation.
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