Different plant species have different capacity of carbon sequestration but it is not assessed yet in Nepal. Therefore, this study was done to assess the species-wise carbon sequestration in two periods in forests. Three collaborative and three community forests were selected for the study. The selected forests were surveyed using GPS and mapped and stratified into tree, pole, and regeneration. Specifically 32, 33, and 31 samples were collected from Banke-Maraha, Tuteshwarnath, and Gadhanta-Bardibash collaborative forests, respectively, while 30, 25, and 22 samples were collected from Chureparwati, Buddha, and Chyandanda community forests correspondingly. The sample plots were of 25 m × 20 m for tree strata. The diameter and height of plants were measured and samples were collected for three consecutive years. The estimated carbon stock of Shorea robusta was the highest 35.93 t ha−1 in 2011 which was slightly decreased to 34.43 t ha−1 in 2012 and reached 32.02 t ha−1 in 2013 in Banke-Maraha collaborative forest but it was the least 7.97, 8.92, and 10.29 t ha−1 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively, in Chyandanda community forest. The highest carbon sequestration was recorded about 5.02 t ha−1 of Shorea robusta in Chyandanda community forest in between t2013 and t2012.

Forest structure and regeneration of Betula utilis (D. Don) was studied in birch forest located in Samagaun valley (3500 -4000 m) of Manaslu Conservation Area. Vegetation sampling was done by quadrat method. Altogether 40 quadrats were sampled to determine the Importance Value Index (IVI) of tree species, and distribution pattern of seedlings and saplings. Regeneration was assessed by density -diameter curve. Four tree species were recorded from the forest. Betula utilis was the dominant tree species with the highest Importance Value Index (173.22) in mixed Betula forest and 262.96 in pure Betula forest and Abies spectabilis was the co -dominant species (65.95) in mixed Betula forest while Rhododendron campanulatum was the co-dominant species (37.03) in pure Betula forest. Density of Betula utilis increased with increase in elevation where as density of other tree species decreased with increase in elevation. Mixed Betula forest at lower elevation was young. The density diameter curve of the tree population of Betula utilis, both on mixed and pure forests, deviated slightly from the typical reverse J shaped structure and hence did not show the sustainable regeneration. The sapling density was higher than seedling density. The distribution of seedlings and saplings were not uniform among the sampling plots.

The indigenous communities have their unique knowledge about plant wealth to use the plant resources to fulfill their different requirements of medicine food, fodder, fuel wood, timber, house hold equipments, rituals, fencing, roof thatching, manure, rope, animal bedding, poison and more. The objective of the study is to analyze and discuss the plants used by the people ethnically in Bhaktapur Municipality. The 213 species of plants with 72 families with some unknown families were identified and documented from Bhaktapur Municipality. Out of them, 154 species of plants were cultivated 48 were wild and 13 were both cultivated and wild. They included 76 species of medicinal plants with their used parts and diseases cured; 73 species were edible; 64 were species ornamental; 70 species with had miscellaneous uses such as fiber, color, fire wood, timber, fencing, roof thatching, spices, vegetable, oil, food, pulse and poisoning are documented in this study. The result showed that the people had good knowledge on different uses of plant resources but this knowledge was gradually declining. So, it was felt necessary to be documented, preserved, promoted and disseminated.

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