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HPV (Human papillomavirus) infects epithelial cells, and their replication cycle is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. A subset of mucosal-infective HPVs, also known as 'high risk' (HR) HPVs, causes cervical disease and could be classified as low or high grade. The HR-HPVs related infection can affect at any stage of life, or several individuals may experience during their lifetime. Our robust immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and clearing the virus, but sometimes we need potent therapy to eliminate or prevent it. This review deals with the prevention of HPV from attacking host cells, and the methods may include vaccination or acute treatment. The short overview also enlightens the pathogenesis, mode of infection, and evidence-based prevention strategies of the HPV and associated cancer.
Oesophageal anastomotic leaks are serious complications with high mortality (20–50%) 1 especially in the post-operative setting of malignant disease. They occur in 5–30% of cases, 1 usually presenting with severe mediastinal sepsis. Revision surgery has been replaced by the use of endoscopic stents, clips, glue and vacuum therapy. The latter is the simplest and least liable to further complication. As an endo sponge was not commercially available, we introduced a self-made bed-side endo sponge, with evident success.
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