Based on the composite cylinders assemblage (CCA) model, an elastic solution to the problem of an imperfectly bonded continuous fiber composite is presented under plain strain condition. A dual series approach based on Airy's stress function is employed to yield an exact solution for the stresses and displacements in the fiber and the surrounding matrix. Bond imperfection due to degraded fibermatrix interface is modeled by considering the infinitesimally thin layer between the fiber and the matrix, having one-dimensional extensional and shear elements (springs) over the entire interface. Effects of degraded fiber-matrix interface on the stress concentration and displacements in the matrix are studied at different fiber volume fractions. Changes in the stress concentration with change in the stiffness ratio between fiber and matrix materials are also examined.
In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) nano‐reinforced composites were fabricated by solution casting method. Addition of ZnO and CNTs nanoparticles enhances the electroactive polar β‐phase of PVDF nanocomposites. Formation of β‐phase in the composites were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Piezoelectric properties were investigated by applying uniaxial cyclic tensile deformation with the help of mechanical tensile tester device. The maximum generated voltage peak of 1.32 V was observed in the case of the nano‐reinforced composite having 15% ZnO, with maximum current of 0.61 μA and power of 0.66 μW. The fabricated PVDF/ZnO/CNTs nano‐reinforced composites can be a good candidate for human motion‐based energy harvesting applications during walking, running and so forth in which uniaxial deformation occurs.
Specific aluminium consumption in the production of ferro-titanium through alumino-thermic reduction is usually far above the stoichiometric requirement, in industrial processes. A thermochemical analysis of the process in an industrial operation was carried out to explore this phenomenon. Aluminium was lost as volatile oxides. Entrapment of titanium in the slag layer led to lower recoveries and higher specific aluminium consumption. Oxidation of aluminium by atmospheric oxidation contributed to an increase in the volume of slag produced. The higher the volume of slag, the greater the entrapment of metal in slag. Segregation between aluminium and ore during charging into the reactor vessel led to an increase in the volume of the slag produced since the segregation prevented chemical reaction between the ore and the metal and the latter was predominantly oxidised by air. Trials were conducted by modifying the charge proportion to control the volume of slag produced. This resulted in a decrease in specific aluminium consumption by 100 kg per tonne of titanium produced.Dans les procédé s industriels, la consommation spé cifique d'aluminium lors de la production du ferrotitane par ré duction aluminothermique est habituellement bien au-delà de l'exigence stoechiomé trique. On a effectué une analyse thermochimique du procédé dans une opé ration industrielle afin d'explorer ce phénomè ne. L'aluminium se perdait sous forme d'oxydes volatiles. Le pié geage du titane dans la couche de laitier menait à des ré cupé rations plus faibles et à une consommation spé cifique plus élevé e d'aluminium. L'oxydation de l'aluminium par oxydation atmosphé rique contribuait à une augmentation du volume de laitier produit. Plus le volume de laitier est grand, plus grand est le pié geage du mé tal dans le laitier. La sé gré gation entre l'aluminium et le minerai lors du chargement dans la cuve du ré acteur menait à une augmentation du volume de laitier produit puisque la ségré gation empê chait la ré action chimique entre le minerai et le mé tal et ce dernier était oxydé e par l'air d'une manière pré dominante. On a effectué des essais en modifiant la proportion de la charge pour contrô ler le volume de laitier produit. Ceci a eu pour ré sultat une diminution de la consommation spé cifique d'aluminium de 100 kg par tonne de titane produit.
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