Bile
acids are cholesterol-derived steroid molecules that serve
various metabolic functions, particularly in the digestion of lipids.
Gut microbes produce unconjugated and secondary bile acids through
deconjugation and dehydroxylation reactions, respectively. Alterations
in the gut microbiota have profound effects on bile acid metabolism,
which can result in the development of gastrointestinal and metabolic
diseases. Emerging research shows that diets rich in dietary fiber
have substantial effects on the microbiota and human health. Plant-based
foods are primary sources of bioactive compounds and dietary fiber,
which are metabolized by microbes to produce different metabolites.
However, the bioaccessibility of these compounds are not well-defined.
In this review, we discuss the interaction of bile acids with dietary
fiber, the gut microbiota, and their role in the bioaccessibility
of bioactive compounds. To understand the possible mechanism by which
bile acids bind fiber, molecular docking was performed between different
dietary fiber and bile salts.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and one of the fastest-growing health challenges of the last decades. Studies have shown that chronic low-grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are intimately involved in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Momordica charantia L. fruits are used in traditional medicine to manage diabetes. Herein, we report the purification of a new 23-O-β-d-allopyranosyl-5β,19-epoxycucurbitane-6,24-diene triterpene (charantoside XV, 6) along with 25ξ-isopropenylchole-5(6)-ene-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), karaviloside VI (2), karaviloside VIII (3), momordicoside L (4), momordicoside A (5) and kuguaglycoside C (7) from an Indian cultivar of Momordica charantia. At 50 µM compounds, 2-6 differentially affected the expression of pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS, and mitochondrial marker COX-2. Compounds tested for the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes at 0.87 mM and 1.33 mM, respectively. Compounds showed similar α-amylase inhibitory activity than acarbose (0.13 mM) of control (68.0-76.6%). Karaviloside VIII (56.5%) was the most active compound in the α-glucosidase assay, followed by karaviloside VI (40.3%), while momordicoside L (23.7%), A (33.5%), and charantoside XV (23.9%) were the least active compounds. To better understand the mode of binding of cucurbitane-triterpenes to these enzymes, in silico docking of the isolated compounds was evaluated with α-amylase and α-glucosidase.
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