The Sulawesi earthquake with a moment magnitude of Mw 7.5 struck the Central Sulawesi region of the Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, on September 28, 2018. The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the mountainous region of Donggala Regency, in the neck of the Minahasa Peninsula in the Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Although the epicenter was located in Donggala Regency, the greatest devastating effects were observed about 70 km south of the epicenter in the Palu Valley. The event was the first of its kind to cause large-scale flowslides simultaneously at four key locations such as Balaroa, Petobo, Jono Oge, and Sibalaya with extensive ground displacements ranging from several hundred meters to more than 1 km. This article reviews the field observations of geotechnical failures and infrastructure damage caused by liquefaction resulting from the shallow strike-slip earthquake at Palu City, Donggala Regency, and Sigi Regency. A geo-spatial analysis was performed on data collected from aerial drone imagery, along with portable dynamic cone penetration testing (PDCPT) in the field. The investigation revealed a highly stratified ground with alternating soil layers of varying permeability and very low bearing resistance at shallow depths. The investigation also helped in assessing the extent of damage caused by geotechnical failure to the residential infrastructures, irrigation structures, and roads.
Graphical Abstract
In this study, a series of experimental programs were conducted to investigate the physical properties and mechanical behavior of a gravel-tire chips mixture (GTCM). The effects of particle characteristics, tire chips-gravel particle size ratio, relative density, gravel fraction by volume in GTCM, effective confining pressure and drainage condition on shear strength and the deformation characteristics of gravel and GTCM have been investigated. Additionally, the influence of the tire chips-gravel particle ratio and gravel fraction on the maximum and minimum void ratio of GTCM were also examined. Three behavioral zones, gravel-like, gravel-tire chips-like and tire chips-like, were clearly observed and reported by varying the tire chips proportion in the mixture. Outcomes revealed that the gravel fraction along with the particle size ratio of the tire chips to gravel are the main parameters controlling the skeleton, as well as the compaction behavior of GTCM. Results of consolidated compression triaxial tests revealed that the gravel fraction, particle size ratio of tire chips to gravel and confining pressure have significant influence on the stress-strain and dilatancy behaviors of soil and the effects are more pronounced at lower tire chips content ratio in the mixture.
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