Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capri pneumoniae (Mccp) causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), a disease of goats characterised with a high morbidity and mortality in non vaccinated goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of nematode infection on humouralimmune responses to Mccp vaccine in goats. Forty (40) goats, aged 9-12 months, were randomly allocated to four groups of ten. Group A were orally inoculated with infective stages of nematodes followed by immunization with inactivated Mccp vaccine after 3 weeks. Group B were not inoculated with nematodes but immunized as Group A. Group C were inoculated with infective stages of nematodes but not vaccinated as in A. Group D was neither inoculated nor vaccinated. Clinical observations and records were done daily at 8.30 AM, blood for sera analysis was collected weekly, while pathological data was collected at post-mortem. Analysis of variance and Tukey Honest Significant Difference, a post hoc test, multiple comparisons of means were performed. The results showed that immune response to Mycoplasma vaccine antigens in helminth infected group (A) was significantly lower than that in vaccinated none helminth infected (B) group (p<0.05).Evidence from this study indicates that worm infection impacts negatively on immune response to vaccine antigens. Thus, we recommend that deworming exercise should be carried out before planned vaccinations are carried out.
Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) specifically artemisinin-lumefantrine recommended for human malaria treatment may be prescribed for patients who are on calcium supplements unknowingly. The interaction of the two and end result on body metabolic and physiological process is not known. There is need to assess the safety and possible adverse effects of separate and combined administration of these agents. Randomized groups of experimental and control rats were used to evaluate the interaction of the two. Two of the groups of rats were placed on calcium supplement for one month after which ACT was orally administered to one of the group for 3-6 days. Another group of rats not on calcium supplement was administered with ACT only. The control group of rats was administered with sterile distilled water and kept at same laboratory conditions as experimental groups. Levels of Na+, Ca2+, K+, creatinine and urea were analyzed in plasma of all groups of rats. Concomitant use of artemisinin-lumefantrine and calcium supplement induced significant elevation of plasma Na+, Ca2+ and creatinine concentrations. Extended and possibly repeated use of ACT alone raised the plasma Na+ and creatinine level above the normal value after the first three days. It was concluded that repeated and or prolonged use of artemisinin-lumefantrine alone and in combination with calcium lead to renal dysfunction in laboratory animals. Our findings highlight areas that require clarification by long term studies and provide a basis for further research and recommend that related studies be carried out in human subjects for comparison with these findings
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