ImportanceOpioids administered to treat postsurgical pain are a major contributor to the opioid crisis, leading to chronic use in a considerable proportion of patients. Initiatives promoting opioid-free or opioid-sparing modalities of perioperative pain management have led to reduced opioid administration in the operating room, but this reduction could have unforeseen detrimental effects in terms of postoperative pain outcomes, as the relationship between intraoperative opioid usage and later opioid requirements is not well understood.ObjectiveTo characterize the association between intraoperative opioid usage and postoperative pain and opioid requirements.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated electronic health record data from a quaternary care academic medical center (Massachusetts General Hospital) for adult patients who underwent noncardiac surgery with general anesthesia from April 2016 to March 2020. Patients who underwent cesarean surgery, received regional anesthesia, received opioids other than fentanyl or hydromorphone, were admitted to the intensive care unit, or who died intraoperatively were excluded. Statistical models were fitted on the propensity weighted data set to characterize the effect of intraoperative opioid exposures on primary and secondary outcomes. Data were analyzed from December 2021 to October 2022.ExposuresIntraoperative fentanyl and intraoperative hydromorphone average effect site concentration estimated using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary study outcomes were the maximal pain score during the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay and the cumulative opioid dose, quantified in morphine milligram equivalents (MME), administered during the PACU stay. Medium- and long-term outcomes associated with pain and opioid dependence were also evaluated.ResultsThe study cohort included a total of 61 249 individuals undergoing surgery (mean [SD] age, 55.44 [17.08] years; 32 778 [53.5%] female). Increased intraoperative fentanyl and intraoperative hydromorphone were both associated with reduced maximum pain scores in the PACU. Both exposures were also associated with a reduced probability and reduced total dosage of opioid administration in the PACU. In particular, increased fentanyl administration was associated with lower frequency of uncontrolled pain; a decrease in new chronic pain diagnoses reported at 3 months; fewer opioid prescriptions at 30, 90, and 180 days; and decreased new persistent opioid use, without significant increases in adverse effects.Conclusions and RelevanceContrary to prevailing trends, reduced opioid administration during surgery may have the unintended outcome of increasing postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Conversely, improvements in long-term outcomes might be achieved by optimizing opioid administration during surgery.
Background: There are few tools to assess objective measures of caregiving for patients with dementia. Current tools primarily use subjective questionnaires that can be subject to inaccuracies in self-reporting. Home-based, remote-sensing computer systems are able to capture outcome measures related to cognition and everyday functioning and could provide more accurate and unbiased measures related to time and effort spent on caregiving. Here we present preliminary data on sensor-based outcome measures that differ between care partners with reported low and high levels of care burden. Methods: Data is derived from EVALUATE AD , a clinical trial to detect standard dementia treatment transitions enrolling 30 homes with participants who have mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer's disease and their care partner (60 total participants). A pervasive sensing and computing system is deployed in each couple's home continuously providing data on measures related to caregiver engagement (e.g. time together, sleep disruption). Care partners respond weekly on-line to queries regarding changes to their health and medications and complete questionnaires related to burden level (Zarit Burden Interview) and factors that may influence burden, including patient functional status (FAQ) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI), at baseline and every 3 months during the trial. Results: Preliminary data to date from eleven homes is comprised of sleep data from 774 nights and step counts from 899 days. Care partners (n¼11) were on average 69 years old, with a mean ZBI score of 10.2 (range 1-19). Completion rate for the weekly health survey by care partners was 85%. Care partners reporting a high level of burden (n¼8) had longer total sleep time (median: 8.4 vs. 7.9 hrs/night; p<0.001) with no difference in sleep latency (median: 10.0 vs. 11.0 mins; p¼0.27) compared to those with low burden (n¼3). Care partners with high self-reported burden also had higher total daily step counts (median: 5144 vs. 2769 steps/day; p<0.001). Conclusions:Care partners are accepting of the unobtrusive home-based assessment system including completing a weekly health survey regularly. This system provides a novel method to objectively assess and quantify ecologically valid measures that could be used to identify changes in levels of care need and burden.
Objective: This study examined the effect of individualized electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode location selection for non-invasive P300-design brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in people with varying severity of cerebral palsy (CP). Approach: A forward selection algorithm was used to select the best performing 8 electrodes (of an available 32) to construct an individualized electrode subset for each participant. BCI accuracy of the individualized subset was compared to accuracy of a widely used default subset. Main Results: Electrode selection significantly improved BCI calibration accuracy for the group with severe CP. Significant group effect was not found for the group of typically developing controls and the group with mild CP. However, several individuals with mild CP showed improved performance. Using the individualized electrode subsets, there was no significant difference in accuracy between calibration and evaluation data in the mild CP group, but there was a reduction in accuracy from calibration to evaluation in controls. Significance: The findings suggested that electrode selection can accommodate developmental neurological impairments in people with severe CP, while the default electrode locations are sufficient for many people with milder impairments from CP and typically developing individuals.
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