Consumer demand for seedless grape with high quality and large berry has been increasing. Breeding of hypotetraploid grape was suggested as one of promising methods to satisfy it, but low frequency of hypotetraploid occurrence and low seed germination by abortive embryo were indicated as the major problem to hamper the development of hypotetraploid grape. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the basic efficiency of in ovulo embryo culture after the cross between hypotetraploid (‘Hanareum’) and tetraploid (‘Honey Black’ and ‘Kyoho’) grape cultivars on the establishment of hypotetraploid grapes. Embryos and plantlets were hardly obtained in ovules cultured at six after the cross pollination (WAP), but ovules inoculated at 10 WAP produced more embryos as well as plantlets regardless of cross combination. Furthermore, we found that embryo formation was not affected by the basal media in ovules cultured at six WAP, but utilization of specific medium can be more beneficial for embryo formation when ovules were cultured at 10 WAP. A total of 17 plants were obtained from ovules cultured at 10 WAP, and above 50% of plants were identified as hypotetraploid grapes. These results indicate that in vitro embryo rescue after cross pollination between hypotetraploid and tetraploid grape can enhance the efficiency for the breeding of hypotetraploid grapes.
The incidence of grapevine virus infections in Korean vineyards was investigated from July to October, 2020. A total of 177 petiole samples were collected from two or three different cultivars in each of four different regions; these were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the presence of 14 major viruses. The overall occurrence of grapevine viruses was 91.0%, and the level of incidence was high irrespective of region or cultivar. The predominant viruses were grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (80.2%), grapevine fleck virus (70.6%), and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (49.2%). Most grapevines were infected with multiple viruses, suggesting that Korean vineyards are likely to suffer economic losses resulting from viral diseases. This is the first extensive survey performed in Korea to observe the outbreak status of diverse grapevine viruses; surveys of this type can provide important information for the management of grapevine viruses in Korea.
Grapevine virus L (GVL) is a new member of the genusVitivirus that has been found in Argentina, the United Stated, Tunisa, and Turkey, suggesting that it is widely distributed worldwide. A high incidence of other well-known vitiviruses such as grapevine virus A (GVA) and grapevine virus B (GVB) have been reported in Korea (Kim et al. 2021), but no information on GVL is available. In October 2020, six grapevine samples of cv. Shine Muscat displaying viruslike disease symptoms were collected from six different vineyards in Gangneung, Korea. The presence of GVL was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with the primer pair designed by Ben Amar et al. (2020). Two samples tested positive for GVL. To confirm the occurrence of GVL, another virus-specific primer pair GVL-CP-F2 (5'-CAA GAT ACC AAA CTT CGT GTC-3') and GVL-CP-R2 (5'-GCA GTC CTC AGA AAT AGG TAA-3') was used in RT-PCR (Diaz-Lara et al. 2019). Amplicons of the expected size (327 bp) were obtained for both samples and directly sequenced using conventional Sanger methodology. Sequences were deposited in GenBank as accession numbers OL435945 and OL435946. BLAST analyses showed 98.2 and 97.9% nucleotide sequence identity between the Korean GLV isolates and isolate rs from Argentina (MH248020.1). High similarity of GVL sequences from the same grape cultivar in two different Gangneung vineyards suggests that the Korean GVL infections may have originated from a common source, possibly the supplier of the original Shine Muscat planting material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first GVL infection detected in Korea.
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