Background Governance is a system that ensures and promotes accountability and responsibility toward stakeholders. The present study aims to compare the governance structures and practices in for‐profit and non‐for profit hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. Methods The study is a descriptive cross sectional study in which Chief Executive officers (CEOs) in all hospitals in Alexandria Governorate were interviewed. A predesigned questionnaire was used in the interview that is composed of four section. The first section explored characteristics of study hospitals. The second section assessed the composition and the characteristics of boards. The third section assessed the functions of the board and the fourth section assessed boards' training and evaluation. Results A centralized board existed in the Health Insurance, Ministry of Health and Population and University hospitals. As for private hospitals, board existed in only 72 hospitals (82.75 %). Almost all boards have CEO duality. Board members were as few as two members in some boards and up to twenty members in others. Some hospital boards did not have an orientation manual or program. Conclusion A proportion of study hospitals does not have a governing board. For the hospitals with governing boards, there were wide variation in governance structures and practices.
Objective This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices toward medication errors (MEs) reporting among pharmacists working in Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) hospitals in Alexandria. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among all pharmacists who are responsible for reporting medication errors in the Egyptian online reporting system (NO HARMe). Results The majority of pharmacists received training on MEs reporting using the Egyptian online reporting system. Around half of the pharmacists knew the correct definition for medication errors. All respondents were aware of the presence of a MEs reporting system in Egypt. Clinical pharmacists’ attitudes towards MEs reporting was favorable with an overall mean score of 4.20 ± 0.73 in a score ranging from 1 (most unfavorable attitudes score) to 5 (most favorable score). Only 60.7% of the surveyed pharmacists used the system to report MEs. Antibiotics were the most frequent drug category reported and the prescribing stage was the stage in which pharmacists perceived the greatest volume of reports were made (89.3% and 71.4%, respectively). Lack of time was the most frequently identified barrier to reporting, followed by lack of feedback to the report submitted (73.2%, 54.5%, respectively). Inconsistent with the results of other studies, fear from legal consequences and being recognized as an incompetent provider was reported by only 12.5% and 11.6% of pharmacists, respectively. Conclusion The majority of pharmacists have good knowledge and favorable attitudes towards medication error reporting, however around two fifths do not report medication errors.
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