BACKGROUND Spirometry is a physiological test that measures how an individual inhales or exhales volume of air as a function of time. The increased availability of spirometry in primary care is a welcome step, as it provide rapid access to diagnosis and monitoring nearby to the patient's home. A poorly performed test and misinterpretation of the result can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate management, potentially bringing patients at risk. The basic purpose of the study is to identify quality of spirometry practices in Bihar. MATERIAL AND METHOD This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. We assessed 207 spirogram done out of institute for quality of spirometry which include flow volume curve, number of manoeuvre, etc. We also assessed awareness about spirometry technique in 10 technicians. RESULTS A total of 207 patients with spirogram enrolled for study between July 2015 and Sep 2015. This study shows that only 14% spirograms were acceptable. The spirograms were reproducible only in 51.69%. The reversibility testing was performed in only 16.90% and so only 32.11% of obstructive spirogram underwent for reversibility testing. The most common error found in flow volume curve was blunt peak (50.96%) followed by notch in early part (30.76), variable effort (30.76), delayed peak (16.34) and poor start (11.53). Many technicians were not aware about the acceptability criteria, number of attempts or indication of reversibility. CONCLUSION Spirometry is effort-dependent test and the role of the person doing the test is a guide for the person who interprets spirogram and correlates clinically and should not underestimate. Training and regular practice is vital.
Cotton is one of the major commercial crops in Andhra Pradesh and cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis cotton played a major role in the current scenario. Tulasi (9) BG II, Mallika BG II, Bunny BG II are popular Bacillus thuringiensis cotton hybrids for Krishna zone. The main profit for farmers depends on producing enough crop to maintain production costs below the selling price. Suitable and efficient application of the fertilizers for the supplying of nutrients is an important part of profitable yields. Our aim is to evaluate Cry 1Ac, Cry 2Ab expression in these selected hybrids as influenced by nutrient management and spacing. Cry 1Ac, Cry 2Ab expression was evaluated through Elisa method.
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