This study examines the continuum of sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies, and analyzes broad patterns that have emerged with respect to monitoring and evaluation practices in the CSR programs of Indian companies under new CSR regulations. Under these regulations, the Indian firms are mandated to spend at least 2% of their profits on social and development sectors. We specifically analyze (i) how Indian companies have conceptualized the idea of sustainability in their annual sustainability reports, and how these ideas get reflected in their CSR policies, and (ii) the monitoring and evaluation practices in CSR interventions. The study uses both primary and secondary data sources, and employs text network analysis and narratives-based content analysis to analyze the data. We find that the conceptualization of sustainability is a largely rhetoric and customary exercise that does not take into account variations in firms’ businesses. This approach toward sustainability initiatives presents serious challenges to sustainability, including social sustainability. The study also finds that there is lack of ‘willingness’ and ‘readiness’ among Indian companies to measure and monitor the outcomes of CSR interventions, which is arguably one of the most robust ways to signal their commitment toward corporate sustainability. Although mandatory CSR spending is a recent phenomenon in India, our study establishes that it is only through the design of effective CSR policies that the best practices for Indian business community can emerge in the near future.
Snake-bite is one of the diseases which is included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) list of neglected tropical diseases. It is a well-known life threatening medical emergency commonly seen in farmers, plantation workers, herders, fishermen, snake restaurant workers and other food producers. In Nepal, snake-bite take a heavy toll of human lives. It is due to poor health services in rural areas especially for antisnake venom (ASV) treatment facility. Exact magnitudes of problem and mortality from snake-bite are very difficult to estimate due to serious misreporting. This review article aims to discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of snake-bite envenomation in South Asia region particularly in Nepal and helping in improving the knowledge and understanding of snake-bite to save precious human lives. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11829 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.2(3) 2014: 45-53
Blood pressure in a population follows Gaussian curve distribution with no real separation between normotension and hypertension. (1) Essential hypertension may be considered to be the result of interactions between genes and environment (2). Important environmental factors are obesity, smoking, family history, physical inactivity, dietary excess of sodium and fat, high income with sedentary habits, education, occupation etc. (3).
Material and methods: Present study is a cross sectional one, conducted in field practice area of Chintpurni Medical College & Hospital Bungal, Pathankot (CMC & H), Punjab (India). Criteria of Hypertension were defined using JNC7. It defines hypertension as blood pressure more than 140/90 mm of Hg. The data was collected during the month of October 2014
Results: Illiterate v/s education 12-16 years, prevalence was 57.05 % and 23.52% respectively (p=.0001, highly significant). In our study prevalence among students was lowest 6.89% and the house wives highest 52.17% (p=.008, highly significant). Similarly association with respect to education, occupation, monthly income, BMI, family history, table salt intake, non-vegetarian diet, smoking, etc. was highly significant (p <.01 at 99% CI). JMS 2017; 20(1):31-37
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