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Using periodic boundary conditions in the reductive perturbation method for ion acoustic cnoidal waves in a collisionless, unmagnetized plasma consisting of warm ions and hot isothermal electrons, evolution equations for the first order and second order potential are derived. Determining the nonsecular solution of these coupled equations, expressions for wave phase velocity and averaged nonlinear ion flux are obtained. Variations of wave phase velocity and averaged nonlinear ion flux are examined for different values of wave frequency and ion to electron temperature ratio (Ti∕Te). It is found that wave phase velocity increases with an increase in wave amplitude for a given value of frequency and temperature ratio. But for a given wave amplitude, the wave phase velocity increases as the temperature ratio increases or wave frequency decreases. The averaged nonlinear ion flux associated with the propagation of large amplitude cnoidal waves in plasma is found to be negative, which corresponds to back flow of ions. The magnitude of the ion flux increases with increase in wave amplitude as temperature ratio or wave frequency increases.

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Background:The use of central venous catheters (CVCs) has greatly improved the quality-of-care in cancer patients, yet these catheters may cause serious infectious and thrombotic complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to study the various types of CVCs and their complications.Materials and Methods:We studied retrospectively 213 cases of CVCs in our institute with their indications, type and complications from August 2010 to July 2011.Results:A total of 213 CVCs were inserted in patients with hematological (62%) and solid organ malignancies (38%). Ninety-eight patients (46%) had peripheral inserted central catheter (PICC), 90 (42%) patients had Hickman catheters and 25 (12%) had a port. The median duration of retention of Hickman catheters was 104 days (3-365 days), for the peripherally inserted central catheters was 59 days (3-100 days) and for the port it was 280 days (45-365 days). Non-infective complications were more than infective (12% vs. 7%). The most common complication was non-infective occlusion and thrombophlebitis. In one patient with PICC thrombosis occurred in the cephalic, radial and ulnar vein and in one patient with port thrombosis occurred in the superior vena cava. Organisms were isolated in 60% (12 out of 20) of cultures. Common organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5 (42%), Staphylococcus aureus in 2 (16%), Escherichia coli in 2 (16%) and Aspergillus in 3 (25%) patients. 7 out of 12 infected patients had negative blood cultures within 7 days of antibiotic treatment, 5 patients remained positive for more than 7 days with antibiotics. In 155 patients (73%), the desired treatment protocol was completed and at present there are still 28 patients (13%) with catheters. 5 patients (2.3%) died of febrile neutropenia and septicemia with multi-organ failure. In 5 patients (2.3%), the catheters (1 Port, 1 Hickman and 3 PICC) were prematurely removed because of thrombosis.Conclusion:CVCs are better options to facilitate the long-term vascular access provided infection is prevented with meticulous care and treated promptly with proper antibiotics. Most CVCs is acceptable to patients.

Small bore pigtail catheters are safe, comfortable, cost effective and have few complications especially in loculated pleural effusions.

Introduction: Endometrial specimen for abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the one of the commonest specimens received in histopathology laboratory. Histopathological characteristics of endometrial tissues, as assessed by light microscopy, remains the diagnostic standard for the management of AUB. The objective of study is to find out the histopathological pattern of endometrium in AUB in the light of clinical details.   Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out in the department of Pathology, Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital for a period of two years from June 2014 to May 2016. Formalin fixed endometrial specimens were processed, paraffin embedded, sectioned at 3-4 µm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and studied under light microscopy along with their demographics. Data were collected, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.   Results: The study included 100 cases of endometrial biopsy specimens with clinical diagnosis of AUB. Menstrual disturbances was found in wide age range between 17-75 years with the mean age of 45 (SD=13.36) years. Menorrhagia was the commonest (n=60, 60%) clinical presentation. Most (n=85; 85 %) endometrium had non-neoplastic lesions. Among them, normal endometrial patterns were commonest (n=50, 50 %). Neoplastic lesions (n=15, 15%) were distributed in all menstruation status with majority in postmenopause (n=7, 7%) and included malignant cases (n=5, 5%) among others.   Conclusion: Post-menopausal bleeding was common presentation among women with malignant and premalignant disease which was present in 15% of the cases together. Timely evaluation of AUB  by histopathology can be life saving with early tissue diagnosis and management.

The study was carried out in two villages namely Madri and Jamun of Jhadol panchayat samiti in Udaipur district of southern Rajasthan. It focuses on perception of illness and health ideology among Bhils. They describe multi-cause for a single illness. They believe that most of the diseases are caused by supernatural powers. Their mode of treatment includes both indigenous and allopathic health care system. Their belief in multi-causational theory regarding occurrence of physical and mental discomfort, past experience, faith and other socio-cultural direct them that as and when, which system should be used.

This paper studies the effect of polarization force on the radiative condensation (RC) instability of a partially ionized dusty medium both in the presence and absence of self-gravitation. The temperature and density dependent heat loss function is considered in the process of heating and radiative cooling. The linear-perturbation analysis is used to derive general dispersion relation and criteria for both the Jeans and RC instability. The condition of Jeans instability is modified due to the RC, polarization force, magnetic field and dust thermal speed, whereas in the case of RC instability the instability criterion is modified due to the presence of dust thermal speed, magnetic field and polarization force. The effects of various parameters have been numerically estimated on RC instability. It is clear from figure that the presence of polarization parameter and density dependent heat-loss function destabilize the system while the presence of temperature dependent heat-loss function, dust neutral collision frequency and ratio of neutral dust density stabilize the system. These findings are relevant for many areas of space and laboratory plasma research prime examples being the formation of dense molecular clouds in interstellar and intergalactic medium, condensations in planetary nebulae and in laboratory plasmas like tokamak edge plasma.