Over the past decades, drilling wells and groundwater extraction for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes is growing at a high rate in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, meaning that groundwater becomes one primary water source. Increased demand for water and over-exploitation and unsustainable practices severely deteriorate groundwater. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the water quality. In the past years, many papers have been published on groundwater quality in the Kurdistan Region. Thus, this research aims to review, evaluates and summarizes the results of published papers concerning groundwater characteristics in Erbil, Suliamni, Duhok, and Halabja, Governorates. This work targets about thirty published papers. These papers focused on Wells, Springs, and karizes (qanats) as groundwater. The water testes have taken from different cities and locations in these three governorates.The reviewed studies considered a number of water parameters and chemical elements, such as physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and radioactive substances. This work assesses water quality parameters from reviewed studies and illustrates the comment parameters by the spatial distribution mapped using the kriging method. Generally, the groundwater polluted in some zones in the Kurdistan Region and normally it can be used for drinking and domestic uses after the disinfection process.
Geotechnical map is a vital guidance to visualize the behavior of soils. The objective of this paper is to present the geotechnical maps that can be used for preliminary investigation in Ranya city of northern Iraq. The study area is 13.02 km2 with latitude and longitude of 36°15'14" N 44°52'59" E, respectively. A total number of 116 boreholes with the depth up to 5.0 m were utilized to create allowable bearing capacity, particle size, and Atterberg limit maps. Kriging interpolation tool in the ArcGIS software was used to analyze the soil properties data and to achieve the maps. The appraisal study area was divided into three layers 0.5-1.5, 1.5-3.0, and 3.0-5.0 m and the results show the average bearing capacity of 112.2, 168.5, and 244.2 kN/m2 sequentially. Moreover, Particle size distribution’s results illustrate that gravel percentage increases in the deeper layers, while fines content decreases with no significant change of sand content. In addition, very high bearing capacity areas were mostly found in the southern and northern parts of the studied area. However, the eastern area represents the area with the minimum bearing capacity where it gradually increases toward the west. Furthermore, the liquid limit and plasticity index reduce from the north to south with an increase in depth of the layers from 3.0-5.0 m. The highest liquid limit value is observed in the depth of 1.5-3.0 m.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.