No abstract

ObjectiveThe present study was developed to explore risk factors related to the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children.MethodsThe present study enrolled pediatric patients who admitted to our department for snoring and/or open-mouth breathing. All children completed a questionnaire and underwent physical examination and polysomnography (PSG). The cases were separated into OSAS and primary snoring (PS) groups. Factors associated with these two groups were analyzed, with risk factors significantly associated with OSAS then being identified through logistic regression analyses. OSAS was further subdivided into mild, moderate, and severe subgroups, with correlations between risk factors and OSAS severity then being analyzed.ResultsIn total, 1,550 children were included in the present study, of which 852 and 698 were enrolled in the OSAS and PS groups. In univariate analyses, obesity, family passive smoking, a family history of snoring, allergic rhinitis, asthma, adenoid hypertrophy, and tonsil hypertrophy were all related to pediatric OSAS (P < 0.05). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, adenoid hypertrophy (OR:1.835, 95% CI: 1.482–2.271) and tonsil hypertrophy (OR:1.283, 95% CI:1.014–1.622) were independently associated with the risk of pediatric OSAS (P < 0.05). Stratification analyses revealed that OSAS incidence increased in a stepwise manner with increases in adenoid and tonsil grading (P < 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed that adenoid hypertrophy and tonsilar hypertrophy were not significantly associated with OSAS severity (r = 0.253, 0.069, respectively, P < 0.05), and tonsil and adenoid size were no correlation with obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) (r = 0.237,0.193, respectively, P < 0.001).ConclusionObesity, family passive smoking, a family history of snoring, allergic rhinitis, asthma, tonsil hypertrophy, and adenoid hypertrophy may be potential risk factors for pediatric OSAS. Adenoid hypertrophy and tonsil hypertrophy were independently related to the risk of pediatric OSAS, with OSAS incidence increasing with the size of the adenoid and tonsil, while the severity of OSAS is not parallel related to the adenoid or tonsil size.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of tracheobronchial foreign body (FB) cases in a pediatric Chinese population.MethodsThe clinical data of pediatric patients aged 0–18 years old diagnosed with a tracheobronchial FB in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between September 2018 and August 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsAmong 1,328 included cases, 92.09% of patients were <3 years old, the male to female ratio was 1.86:1. The prevalence of tracheobronchial FB was similar between patients living in rural and urban areas and tracheobronchial FBs were more common in winter. The most common presenting symptoms were cough and wheezing. The most common CT findings was local obstruction or tracheobronchial narrowing, followed by obstructive emphysema of lung and pneumonia. The 11.3% of cases that did not report FB aspiration on admission had a longer time to hospital admission and longer hospitalization time than cases reporting FB aspiration (P < 0.05). The most common FB type was nuts (81.17%). FBs were more frequently located in the right bronchus, and 64 (4.82%) cases involved multiple FBs. FBs were expelled by coughing in only 4.07% of cases. For the other cases, FB removal by first bronchoscopy in our hospital was successful and complete in 96.86% of cases. 1.51% of patients had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and the location of FBs was a possible risk factor for HIE (P < 0.05).ConclusionsTracheobronchial FBs occurred most commonly in children <3 years old. If asphyxia occurs in children which FBs aspirated, emergency treatment is needed to reduce the occurrence of HIE. Rigid bronchoscopy remains the first-line method for FB removal in children.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and the risk factors associated with severe laryngomalacia in children.Methods In this study, the clinical data of children (0–18 years), including gender, age at presentation, preterm delivery, low birth weight, delivery mode, feeding mode, fetal delivery, medical comorbidities, maternal gestational age at presentation, and calcium supplementation during pregnancy, diagnosed with laryngomalacia between January 2013 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The children were divided into mild-moderate and severe groups. Several risk factors were compared and analyzed between the two groups. The statistically significant risk factors were included in the logistic regression analysis.Results A total of 224 children with severe laryngomalacia were enrolled in this study. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.55: 1. All patients had severe laryngomalacia manifested by inspiratory laryngeal stridor. The average age of patients at symptom presentation was 2.7 (1.5–5.2) months. There were significant differences between the two groups in the age at presentation, premature delivery, low birth weight, medical comorbidities, and calcium supplementation during pregnancy (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that premature delivery (OR = 3.177, 95% CI:2.329–4.334), low birth weight (OR = 3.188, 95%CI:2.325–4.370), and medical comorbidities (OR = 1.434, 95% CI:1.076–1.909) were independent risk factors for severe laryngomalacia (P < 0.05).Conclusion Children with severe laryngomalacia exhibited persistent stridor at an earlier age at presentation. Premature delivery, low birth weight, and medical comorbidities were potential risk factors for severe laryngomalacia in children.

Objective To characterize the correlative factors for types of tracheobronchial foreign bodies (TFBs) encountered in children. Methods All included patients diagnosed with TFB underwent rigid bronchoscopy as the first surgery in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The data of 1026 patients aged 0–18 years were retrospectively collected between February 2019 and January 2022. Results About 94.44% of the children with TFB had organic FBs, among which, peanuts were the most common FBs, followed by melon seeds and walnuts. The most common inorganic FBs included pen points or caps, plastic toys, and plastic papers. As compared to the children with organic FBs, those with inorganic FBs consisted of a higher proportion of children aged ≥3 years old, a time before surgery of >7 days, dyspnea, FBs size of >10 mm, longer operation time, more than two operation procedures, and atelectasis. On the other hand, the proportion of children with aspiration history, cough, and obstructive emphysema in the inorganic FB group was lower as compared to the organic FBs ( P< .05). Conclusions The related factors related to the patient’s characteristics, symptoms, operation situations, and preoperative complications can be predicted based on the identification of FB type.