For decades China imported much of the world’s plastic waste; but a recent import ban requires new ideas and systemic change.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a variety of impacts including the health of humans, the production of crops, and the lifetime of buildings. Based on the photovoltaic effect, self-powered UV photodetectors can measure and monitor UV radiation without any power consumption. However, the current low photoelectric performance of these detectors has hindered their practical use. In our study, a super-high-performance self-powered UV photodetector based on a GaN/Sn:Ga 2 O 3 pn junction was generated by depositing a Sn-doped n-type Ga 2 O 3 thin film onto a p-type GaN thick film. The responsivity at 254 nm reached up to 3.05 A/W without a power supply and had a high UV/visible rejection ratio of R 254 nm /R 400 nm = 5.9 × 10 3 and an ideal detectivity at 1.69 × 10 13 cm•Hz 1/2 •W −1 , which is well beyond the level of previous self-powered UV photodetectors. Moreover, our device also has a low dark current (1.8 × 10 −11 A), a high I photo /I dark ratio (∼10 4 ), and a fast photoresponse time of 18 ms without bias. These outstanding performance results are attributed to the rapid separation of photogenerated electron−hole pairs driven by a high built-in electric field in the interface depletion region of the GaN/ Sn:Ga 2 O 3 pn junction. Our results provide an improved and easy route to constructing high-performance self-powered UV photodetectors that can potentially replace traditional high-energy-consuming UV detection systems. KEYWORDS: self-powered, ultraviolet photodetector, GaN/Sn:Ga 2 O 3 pn junction, superhigh photoresponsivity, 3.05 A/W, potential barrier U ltraviolet radiation has a significant impact on humankind. Some benefits are UV's ability to facilitate the synthesis of vitamin D, kill germs, and treat or prevent rickets when our skin is exposed to moderate UV light. 1 However, it can cause cataracts and skin cancer and accelerate the aging process due to an excessive amount of UV radiation. 1,2 Additionally, UV radiation strongly affects the production of crops and the lifetime of buildings. Fortunately, UV radiation can be measured and monitored using semiconductor UV photodetectors based on Einstein's photoelectric effect, which transforms UV radiation to measurable electronic signals. After decades of steady development, modern UV photodetectors, with high performances in photoresponsivity, signal-to-noise ratios, stability, and speed, have gained interest recently for their applications in environmental monitoring, advanced communications, air purification, leak detection, space research, etc. 3−13 Unfortunately, to acquire reasonable detectivity, an external electric field is applied to photodetectors to separate the photogenerated electron−hole pairs. 5−13 Therefore, external power sources are generally necessary. This makes photodetectors overall uneconomical and complex. On the contrary, self-powered photodetectors can help solve the energy issues and have attracted significant attention. 14−19 Compared to traditional photodetectors, self-powered structures, based on the photovoltaic effect su...

A self-powered ultraviolet photodetector with an extremely high responsivity (54.43 mA W−1) was fabricated by constructing p–n junction of GaN/Ga2O3 films.

. The first three authors contributed equally to this work High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) from 60 germplasms including 30 common wheat cultivars and 30 related species were separated and characterized by a suite of separation methods including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Comparative analysis demonstrated that each methodology has its own advantages and disadvantages. The main drawback of SDS-PAGE was its overestimation of molecular mass and incorrect identification of HMW-GS due to its low resolution. However, it had the advantages of technical simplicity and low requirements of equipment; thus, it is suitable for large-scale and high-throughput HMW-GS screening for breeding programs, especially when the glutenin composition is clear in the breeding material. MALDI-TOF-MS clearly expressed many technical advantages among the four methods evaluated, including high throughput, high resolution, and accuracy; it was, however, associated with high equipment cost, thus preventing many breeding companies from accessing the technology. RP-HPLC and HPCE were found to be intermediate between SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. Both RP-HPLC and HPCE demonstrated higher resolution and reproducibility over SDS-PAGE but lower detection power than MALDI-TOF-MS. Results demonstrated that MALDI-TOF-MS is suitable for analyzing HMW-GS for routine breeding line screening and for identifying new genotypes.

Background and Purpose— Nearly 30% of large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke clots are from an unknown source. We assessed histological clot composition in a series of patients with large vessel occlusion and investigated correlations between clot composition and stroke pathogenesis. Methods— As part of the multi-institutional STRIP registry (Stroke Thromboembolism Registry of Imaging and Pathology), consecutive emboli retrieved during mechanical thrombectomy were stained using Martius Scarlett Blue and analyzed using machine learning software. We assessed proportions of red blood cells, fibrin, platelets, and white blood cells. Correlations between clot components and stroke pathogenesis (large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and stroke of undetermined pathogenesis) were assessed using SPSS22. Results— One hundred five patients were included. The proportion of platelet-rich clots (55.0% versus 21.2%; P =0.005) and percentage of platelet content (22.1±4.2% versus 13.9±14.2%; P =0.03) was significantly higher in the large artery atherosclerosis group compared with the cardioembolic group. The proportion of platelet-rich clots (50.0% versus 21.2%; P =0.024) was also significantly higher in the cryptogenic group compared with cardioembolic cases. Large artery atherosclerosis and cryptogenic cases had a similar proportion of platelet-rich clots (55.0% versus 50.0%; P =0.636). There was no significant difference between stroke pathogenesis and the other major clot components. Conclusions— High platelet content of emboli is associated with a large artery atherosclerosis etiology of large vessel occlusion.

Most of the photodetectors can measure all of the light illumination with a wavelength below the absorption edge of the detector materials, while they cannot distinguish the different waveband. Herein, a self-powered spectrum-distinguishable photoelectrochemical (PEC) type photodetector based on an α-Ga2O3 nanorod array (NA)/Cu2O microsphere (MS) p–n junction was reported. Under the combined action of the built-in electric field of the p–n junction and the semiconductor/electrolyte junction, the photodetector exhibits an opposite direction of the photocurrent to the illumination of 254 and 365 nm UV light under the applied bias of 0 V, which can be used to distinguish the different wavelengths of light. The photodetector shows a responsivity of 0.42 mA/W under 254 nm UV light and 0.57 mA/W upon 365 nm, respectively. Our results provide an idea for distinguishing the different illumination wavebands through a photodetector constructed by the heterojunction with two different band gap materials.

Recently, Ga2O3-based self-powered ultraviolet photodetectors have aroused great interest due to their potential applications in civil, medical, and environmental monitoring fields. So far, most p–n junction photodetectors are fabricated with p-type semiconductors like GaN and SiC, which are usually nonoxide materials. As a result, the p-type semiconductors are oxidized and the conductive properties degenerated when constructing a p–n junction with the Ga2O3 thin film at a high growth temperature. In this work, we chose the oxide NiO as the p-type material and used radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering system to fabricate the all-oxide NiO/Ga2O3 p–n junction at room temperature and manufacture the self-powered UV photodetector. Thanks to the type II band alignment, the photodetector exhibits a responsivity (R) of 57 μA/W, a detectivity (D*) of 5.45 × 109 jones, and an I light/I dark ratio of 122 when exposed to a 254 nm light irradiation at 0 V. In addition, the photodetector based on the all-oxide NiO/Ga2O3 p–n junction shows good stability and reproducibility in air, oxygen, and vacuum. Our results provide an inexpensive and suitable pathway for the mass production of self-powered UV photodetectors.

BackgroundCurrent studies on clot characterization in acute ischemic stroke focus on fibrin and red blood cell composition. Few studies have examined platelet composition in acute ischemic stroke clots. We characterize clot composition using the Martius Scarlet Blue stain and assess associations between platelet density and CT density.Materials and methodHistopathological analysis of the clots collected as part of the multi-institutional STRIP registry was performed using Martius Scarlet Blue stain and the composition of the clots was quantified using Orbit Image Analysis (www.orbit.bio) machine learning software. Prior to endovascular treatment, each patient underwent non-contrast CT (NCCT) and the CT density of each clot was measured. Correlations between clot components and clinical information were assessed using the χ2 test.ResultsEighty-five patients were included in the study. The mean platelet density of the clots was 15.7% (2.5–72.5%). There was a significant correlation between platelet-rich clots and the absence of hyperdensity on NCCT, (ρ=0.321, p=0.003*, n=85). Similarly, there was a significant inverse correlation between the percentage of platelets and the mean Hounsfield Units on NCCT (ρ=−0.243, p=0.025*, n=85).ConclusionMartius Scarlet Blue stain can identify patients who have platelet-rich clots. Platelet-rich clots are isodense on NCCT.