[1] Aerosol chemical composition and gaseous species were measured at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan (CHO), during the ABC/EAREX project period in March 2005, using high-time-resolution instruments including an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS), a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), and gas monitors in order to investigate the transport and subsequent chemical transformation of aerosol in the east Asian region. Sulfate was the dominant species in fine aerosol mode and the average concentration of ammonium, sulfate and organics was 1.25, 6.37 and 2.16 mg m À3 , respectively. The sulfate concentration observed at CHO in 2005 was about 1.5-2 times higher than that in 1994. For the majority of high-sulfate observations, the air mass was transported from the central east Chinese region (between Shanghai and the Shandong Peninsula). Sulfate transport was intermittent and strongly correlated with the passage of synoptic-scale high-/low-pressure systems. Chemical components and their concentration showed significant change on 17-18 March, which is accounted for by the change in air mass origin and the synoptic-scale weather system. In addition, it is suggested that the difference of air quality at the air mass origin reflects the chemical composition at CHO. The high sulfate concentration required heterogeneous conversion of SO 2 to sulfate at a rate of 2.0% h À1 . A pronounced signal at m/z = 44 confirmed that organic compounds were oxidized.
[1] Using a single-particle mass spectrometer, the size and chemical composition of individual Fe-containing atmospheric aerosols (Fe aerosols) with diameter from 100 to 1800 nm were characterized during Asian outflow season (spring of 2008) in Okinawa Island, Japan and their sources were determined. Fe aerosols were classified into five unique particle types which were mixed with specific compound(s) and related to their sources (crustal, fly ash/K-biomass burning, elemental carbon, metals, and vanadium). Particle number-based contribution of the crustal particle type, which has been thought to be the main source of aerosol Fe, was quite small (2 ∼ 10%) in all size ranges, while anthropogenic Fe aerosols were the dominant contributor in this study. Fly ash/K-biomass burning type was the most abundant particle types, which contributed ∼50%. Metals and elemental carbon types contributed ∼20% and ∼10%, respectively. Contribution of vanadium type was variable (5 ∼ 50%), which is attributed to ship emission. The frequent appearance of lithium ion peak in the fly ash/K-biomass burning type strongly suggests that large fraction of the type is coal combustion origin, reflecting high coal usage in China. These results show that anthropogenic sources contributes significant portion of Fe aerosols in Asian outflow. Excluding the vanadium type, relative contribution of the remaining four particle types was constant over the course of study, which remained even when the total concentration of Fe aerosols changed and fraction of the Fe aerosols among atmospheric aerosols decreased significantly by the switch of air mass type into marine type. We concluded that the observed constant relative abundance reflected the relative source strength of Fe aerosols in Asian outflow, particularly emphasizing the importance of coal combustion source in East Asia.
Stable isotopic measurements of atmospheric CO (13CO, C180) were carried out at three season in a middle size city, Mainz in Germany. CO stable isotopic compositions of car exhaust fueled by gasoline , diesel and natural gas were also measured and showed different isotopic compositions (8180 vs. V-SMOW = 22.3 ± 0.3%0, 10.9 ± 0.8%o, 20.1 ± 1.0%o and 813C vs. V-PDB =-29.9 ± 0.3%0,-22.2 ± 1.1%0,-51 .3 ± 1.5%0, respectively). The 180/160 ratios of atmospheric CO in Mainz show a clear linear correla tion with the reciprocal concentration of CO. This reveals the contribution of CO emitted from a single pollution source (8180 = 20.7 ± 0.5%o V-SMOW), whose isotopic composition is close to that of CO from a gasoline engine combustion. From this value and car exhaust measurements, about 14 ± 7% of CO in Mainz air is estimated to originate from diesel fuel engine combustion. The oxygen isotopic composition can be used as a good indicator of contamination from car exhausts. On the other hand, the 13C/12C ratios of CO do not show a clear relationship with the reciprocal concentration of CO .
In the Rosaceae family, which includes Prunus, gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) is controlled by a single multiallelic locus (S-locus), and the S-locus product expressed in the pistils is a glycoprotein with ribonuclease activity (S-RNase). Two populations of flowering cherry (Prunus lannesiana var. speciosa), located on Hachijo Island in Japan's Izu Islands, were sampled, and S-allele diversity was surveyed based on the sequence polymorphism of S-RNase. A total of seven S-alleles were cloned and sequenced. The S-RNases of flowering cherry showed high homology to those of Prunus cultivars (P. avium and P. dulcis). In the phylogenetic tree, the S-RNases of flowering cherry and other Prunus cultivars formed a distinct group, but they did not form species-specific subgroups. The nucleotide substitution pattern in S-RNases of flowering cherry showed no excess of nonsynonymous substitutions relative to synonymous substitutions. However, the S-RNases of flowering cherry had a higher Ka/Ks ratio than those of other Prunus cultivars, and a subtle heterogeneity in the nucleotide substitution rates was observed among the Prunus species. The S-genotype of each individual was determined by Southern blotting of restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA, using cDNA for S-RNase as a probe. A total of 22 S-alleles were identified. All individuals examined were heterozygous, as expected under GSI. The allele frequencies were, contrary to the expectation under GSI, significantly unequal. The two populations studied showed a high degree of overlap, with 18 shared alleles. However, the allele frequencies differed considerably between the two populations.
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