This paper examines Protestants' participation in the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong through Richard Wood's theory of faith-based community organizing. Protestants were an integral proportion of the protesters in the movement. Despite many church leaders expressing reservations and opposition, the Protestant community displayed a high degree of participation in the Umbrella Movement, far exceeding any previous collective action. The author argues that the Protestant's participation can be explained by the theory of faith-based community organizing, in which organizers of action groups used biblical stories, ideas, images, and symbols to create meaning and to build an internal political culture, leading to the Protestants' spectacular involvement in and commitment to the Umbrella Movement.
This study examines church-state relations in Mindong diocese, Fujian province, from the perspective of state-society relations. The article seeks to identify the salient patterns of church-state relations in Mindong diocese, and the social factors that contribute to the formation of such patterns. I elaborate on the essential characteristics of the Mindong model in the paper. I argue that the three key factors affecting church-state relations in Mindong diocese are the competition between the open and underground churches, the mediating role of the Vatican, and the pragmatism of local government officials. I describe the Mindong model as a "negotiated resistance," meaning that the underground church resists the control of the government and seeks organizational autonomy through continued negotiation with officials of the government. In conclusion, I discuss the implications of this church-state model in advancing religious freedom in Chinese society.
Changing Church-State Relations in Contemporary China: A Case Study of the Cangzhou Diocese Shun-hing Chan The Eighth National Congress of Catholic Representatives (NCCR) was scheduled to take place on 7-9 December 2010, in accordance with the dictates of the Chinese government. On 6 December, government officials and police officers went to the Bishop's Office in Xian County, Hebei Province, intending to escort Bishop Li Liangui 李連貴 of Cangzhou Diocese to the NCCR in Beijing. However, they could not find him. A few weeks earlier, on 20 November, Bishop Li was coerced into taking part in an Episcopal ordination in Chengde 承德, which was arranged by the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association (CCPA) but was not approved by the Vatican. It was during this time that Bishop Li "disappeared." Frustrated by Bishop Li's disappearance, government officials and police officers rounded up the priests who were working in the bishop's office, including the vicar general, Father Yang Quanen 楊全恩, and the chancellor, Father Yu Rusong 于汝松, and questioned them about the whereabouts of Bishop Li. Their questioning was to no avail. The priests were given an "ultimatum," threatening to list Bishop Li as a "wanted person" across the country and to cause trouble for the Bishop's family, friends, and the diocese. On 7 December, government officials and police officers again entered the Bishop's Office to question everyone, including the priests, doorkeepers and kitchen staff. Police cars patrolled the area nearby, and the freedom of all personnel in the church was restricted, including the ______________________________
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