ABSTRACT. The causes and nature of ice-sheet radio-echo internal reflections at deep layers in polar icc sheets arc discussed, based on the dielectric properties of ice that have been measured at microwave frequency and radio freq uency. The reflection coefficients of electromagnetic waves in ice sheets due to two causes the change in permittivity induced by changes in crystal-orientation fabrics with depth, and changes in conductivity induced by changes in acidity with depth -were derived respectively as a [uIJction of the frequency used in radar sounding and the temperature of ice, and both were compared quantitatively.
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