Irradiation of the charge-transfer (CT) absorption bands of tetracyanoethylene (TCN E)-toluene systems gave 3phenylpropane-1 ,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile. TCNE-xylene systems gave a similar addition product on both irradiation of the CT bands and heating under reflux. These reactions proceed through electron-transfer followed by proton-transfer. TCNE reacts with methanol thermally in the presence of NN-dimethyl-p-toluidine to yield dicyanoketen dimethylacetal which alkylates the toluidine to give eventually NNN-trimethyl-p-toluidinium 2,2-dicyano-1 -methoxyethenolate. m-Toluidine reacted similarly and the corresponding toluidinium salt was obtained in addition to a tricyanovinylated product. Irradiation of NN-dimethyl-p-toluidine with TCNE in methanol gave a diphenyl derivative together with N-cyanomethyl-N-methyl-p-toluidine through radical reactions of the thermal reaction products, NNN-trimethyl-p-toiuidinium salts.
A new method for urea removal using a gas membrane is introduced along with some preliminary results. The membrane used was expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (E‐PTFE) which is highly permeable to gaseous substances, while at the same time it is highly resistant to water permeation.
In in vitro experiments using 10 mmol/L ammonia solution it was revealed that the single‐pass reduction rate was approximately 95% at 30°C at a flow rate of 200 ml/min.
In animal experiments using four dogs, the extraction rate of urea was 40.4 ± 4.4% after four hours of dialysis using 5 L dialysate. However, elevation of blood ammonia was observed in all dogs tested.
Removal of ammonia by means of a gas membrane is considered to be feasible and has the possibility of being used for maintenance hemodialysis in combination with urease and charcoal.
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