d-Gluconate dehydrogenase, a flavohemoprotein, and alcohol dehydrogenase, a quinohemoprotein, are adsorbed strongly on carbon and metal electrodes. All the electrodes with the adsorbed enzymes produce anodic currents due to the electro-enzymatic oxidation of the substrates, where the adsorbed enzymes donate electrons directly to the electrodes; neither mediators nor promoters are necessary.
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