Based on the results, the following measures are recommended: reduce the cost of organic food through multiple channels to cut down the market price; establish and perfect the supervision system of organic food; and promote organic food through various channels.

To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling published between 1994 and 2017. We aimed to identify (i) the processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) the regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) the regions which remain unaddressed and why, and (iv) how frequently studies are conducted to validate/evaluate model outcomes relative to measured data. To perform this task, we combined the collective knowledge of 67 soil-erosion scientists from 25 countries. The resulting database, named ‘Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT)’, includes 3030 individual modelling records from 126 countries, encompassing all continents (except Antarctica). Out of the 8471 articles identified as potentially relevant, we reviewed 1697 appropriate articles and systematically evaluated and transferred 42 relevant attributes into the database. This GASEMT database provides comprehensive insights into the state-of-the-art of soil- erosion models and model applications worldwide. This database intends to support the upcoming country-based United Nations global soil-erosion assessment in addition to helping to inform soil erosion research priorities by building a foundation for future targeted, in-depth analyses. GASEMT is an open-source database available to the entire user-community to develop research, rectify errors, and make future expansions.

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China's current organic certification policy prohibits distribution of food in the Chinese market that has only obtained foreign organic certification but has not obtained Chinese organic certification, and prohibits the independent operation of foreign organic certification bodies in China. In this study, we use consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) as a criterion for judging the effectiveness of China's organic certification policy. A choice experiment infant milk formula (IMF) with four attributes, including organic certification label, brand, country of origin, and price was conducted in Shandong province of China. Estimation with a mixed logit model revealed that consumers’ WTP for IMF with an American or European organic certification label was higher than IMF with a Chinese label. Moreover, consumers’ knowledge of organic food and food safety risk perceptions had an impact on their WTP. Results suggest scope for policy failure in that allowing independent certification in China by European and American organic certification bodies, or legal sale in the Chinese mainland market of IMF certified by American or European organic certification bodies, could increase consumer surplus beyond the status quo under the present policy regime.

The rainfall erosivity factor (R) represents the multiplication of rainfall energy and maximum 30 minutes intensity by event (EI 30) and year. This rainfall erosivity index is widely used for empirical soil loss prediction. Its calculation, however, requires high temporal resolution rainfall data that are not readily available in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to parameterize models suitable for estimating erosivity from daily rainfall data, which are more widely available. One-minute resolution rainfall data recorded in sixteen stations over the eastern water erosion impacted regions of China were analyzed. The R-factor ranged from 781.9 to 8258.5 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 y-1. A total of 5942 erosive events from one-minute resolution rainfall data of ten stations were used to parameterize three models, and 4949 erosive events from the other six stations were used for validation. A threshold of daily rainfall between days classified as erosive and non-erosive was suggested to be 9.7 mm based on these data. Two of the models (I and II) used power law functions that required only daily rainfall totals. Model I used different model coefficients in the cool season (Oct.-Apr..) and warm season (May-Sept.), and Model II was fitted with a sinusoidal

ABSTRACT:The spatial distribution and seasonal change of diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season (May-September) over China were analysed using hourly data from 62 rain gauges during 1954-2001. Nocturnal precipitation predominates for the stations over the Tibetan Plateau as well as in south-west and north-west China. For stations to the east of about 110°E, daytime precipitation predominates in the northern and southern parts, whereas nocturnal precipitation predominates in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain. Further, the magnitude of diurnal variations first decreases and then increases from the south towards the north. Two stations located close to the Bohai Bay manifest morning maxima. The significant diurnal variations in vertical circulation (stronger during the day and weaker at night), the meso-local-scale mountain-valley winds, and the nighttime cooling of cloud tops could be the processes behind the nocturnal rain in the western part of China (to the west of about 110°E). Daytime precipitation in the eastern part of China (to the east of about 110°E) could be attributed to the moist convection connected with solar heating. The morning peaks for stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain and the magnitude changing pattern in the eastern part seem to be connected with the advance and retreat of the East Asian summer monsoon. The morning maxima at coastal stations may be mainly attributed to the local land-sea breeze. The seasonal changes of diurnal variations for the western part of China are relatively small, with nighttime precipitation maxima remaining fairly constant during the warm season. This part is not directly influenced by the monsoon. For most of the stations in the eastern part, morning peaks tend to be strengthened/weakened along with the East Asian monsoon's advancing/retreating.

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